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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoife_MacMurrough
She was the daughter of Dermot MacMurrough (c. 1110-1171) (Irish: Diarmait Mac Murchada), King of Leinster, and his wife Mor O'Toole (c. 1114-1191).
On the 29 August 1170, following the Norman invasion of Ireland that her father had requested, she married Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, better known as Strongbow, the leader of the Norman invasion force, in Christchurch cathedral in Waterford. Her father, Dermot MacMurrough, who was seeking a military alliance with Strongbow in his feud with King of Breffney, Tiernan O'Ruark, had promised Aoife to Pembroke. However, according to Brehon law, both the man and the woman had to consent to the marriage, so it is fair to conclude that Aoife accepted her father's arrangements.
Under Anglo-Norman law, this gave Strongbow succession rights to the Kingdom of Leinster. Under Irish Brehon law, the marriage gave her a life interest only, after which any land would normally revert to male cousins; but Brehon law also recognised a transfer of "swordland" following a conquest. Aoife led troops in battle and is sometimes known as Red Eva (Irish: Aoife Rua).
She had two sons and a daughter with her husband Richard de Clare, and via their daughter, Isabel de Clare, within a few generations their descendants included much of the nobility of Europe including all the monarchs of Scotland since Robert I (1274-1329) and all those of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom since Henry IV (1367-1413); and, apart from Anne of Cleves, all the queen consorts of Henry VIII. | MacMurrough, Aoife (Eva) Princess of Leinster, Countess of Pembroke (I36234)
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| 35402 |
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_de_Vere_II
He was the second of that name in England after the Norman Conquest, being the eldest surviving son of Aubrey de Vere and his wife Beatrice.
Aubrey served as one of the king's chamberlains and as a justiciar under kings Henry I and Stephen. Henry I also appointed him as sheriff of London and Essex and co-sheriff with Richard Basset of eleven counties. In June 1133, that king awarded the office of master chamberlain to Aubrey and his heirs. A frequent witness of royal charters for Henry I and Stephen, he appears to have accompanied Henry to Normandy only once. In May 1141, during the English civil war, Aubrey was killed by a London mob and was buried in the family mausoleum at Colne Priory, Essex.
His eldest son, another Aubrey de Vere, was later created Earl of Oxford, and his descendants held that title and the office that in later centuries was known as Lord Great Chamberlain until the extinction of the Vere male line in 1703.
His wife Adeliza, daughter of Gilbert fitz Richard of Clare, survived her husband for twenty-two years. For most of that time she was a paid pensioner at St. Osyth's Priory, Chichester, Essex.
Their known children are:
1. Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford (married 1. Beatrice, countess of Guisnes, 2. Eufemia, 3. Agnes of Essex)
2. Rohese de Vere, Countess of Essex (married 1. Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex, 2. Payn de Beauchamp)
3.Robert (married 1. Matilda de Furnell, 2. Margaret daughter of Baldwin Wake)
4. Alice "of Essex" (married 1. Robert of Essex, 2. Roger fitz Richard)
5. Geoffrey (married 1. widow of Warin fitz Gerold, 2. Isabel de Say)
6. Juliana Countess of Norfolk (married 1. Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, 2. Walkelin Maminot)
7. William de Vere, Bishop of Hereford (1186-1198)
8. Gilbert, prior of the Knights Hospitaller in England (1195-1197)
9. a daughter (name unknown) who married Roger de Ramis. | de Vere, Aubrey II (I36227)
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| 35403 |
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_de_Vere_II
The eldest son, another Aubrey de Vere, was later created Earl of Oxford, and his descendants held that title and the office that in later centuries was known as Lord Great Chamberlain until the extinction of the Vere male line in 1703.
Aubrey's wife Adeliza, daughter of Gilbert fitz Richard of Clare, survived her husband for twenty-two years. For most of that time she was a paid pensioner at St. Osyth's Priory, Chichester, Essex.
Their known children are:
1. Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford (married 1. Beatrice, countess of Guisnes, 2. Eufemia, 3. Agnes of Essex)
2. Rohese de Vere, Countess of Essex (married 1. Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex, 2. Payn de Beauchamp)
3. Robert (married 1. Matilda de Furnell, 2. Margaret daughter of Baldwin Wake)
4. Alice "of Essex" (married 1. Robert of Essex, 2. Roger fitz Richard)
5. Geoffrey (married 1. widow of Warin fitz Gerold, 2. Isabel de Say)
6. Juliana Countess of Norfolk (married 1. Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, 2. Walkelin Maminot)
7. William de Vere, Bishop of Hereford (1186-1198)
8. Gilbert, prior of the Knights Hospitaller in England (1195-1197)
9. a daughter (name unknown) who married Roger de Ramis. | de Clare, Adeliza (I36228)
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| 35404 |
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveline_de_Clare,_Countess_of_Essex
She was a daughter of Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford and his wife, Matilda de St. Hilaire. Aveline married twice. Her first husband, William de Montchaney, died in 1204. She was married by 29 May 1205, to Geoffrey Fitz Peter (Piers), Earl of Essex, as his second wife. She was widowed a second time on 14 October 1213.
King John granted the royal right over her remarriage to her step-brother, William, Earl of Arundel, along with the guardianship of her children by William de Montchesney/Munchanesy, on 7 May 1204. Soon after her second marriage she paid the crown for the wardship of John de Wahulle and custody of his land.
In her second widowhood, Countess Aveline made gifts to Holy Trinity, London, for the soul of Geoffrey Fitz Peter (Piers), part of whose body was buried there. She was buried in Shouldham Priory, founded by Geoffrey fitz Peter in 1198, alongside the rest of her husband's body.
By her first husband,William de Montchaney:
1. William de Montchaney died without heirs before 1213
2. Warin de Montchaney (b. 1192, d. July 1255); inherited Dec. 1213
3. Alice de Montchaney, married (1) John de Wahulle, (2) William de Breauté
By her second husband, Geoffrey Fitz Peter (Piers):
1. John Fitz Geoffrey (d. 1258), Lord of Shere
2. Hawise Fitz Geoffrey
3. Cecily Fitz Geoffrey
| de Clare, Aveline Countess of Essex (I36238)
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| 35405 |
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Savoy,_Marchioness_of_Saluzzo
She was a daughter of Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy and his first wife Marguerite of Burgundy and was a member of the House of Savoy by birth and by her first marriage she became the Marchioness of Saluzzo.
Beatrice was the elder of two daughters; her younger sister Margaret was married to Boniface II, Marquess of Montferrat. After the death of their mother, their father married Cecile of Baux and had further children including Boniface, Count of Savoy and a younger Beatrice.
Beatrice was first betrothed not long after her birth on 4 March 1223 to Manfred III, Marquess of Saluzzo. However, the contract was broken off but was then renewed on 2 October 1227; a contract signed on that date refers to the dowry of Beatrice. The couple were married in March 1233. They were married for eleven years until Manfred's death in 1244, leaving Beatrice with two children and pregnant with twins. They had the following children:
1. Alice (c. 1236-before 12 Jul 1311), married Edmund de Lacy, Baron of Pontefract and had children.
2. Thomas (1239?1296), succeeded Manfred as Marquess.
3. Agnes (1245-after 4 August 1265), born after her father's death, married John, son of Eustace de Vesci, no children.
4. Margaret (born 1245), born after her father's death, twin of Agnes
Only two years after Manfred's death on 8 May 1246, Beatrice was betrothed a second time to Manfred, an illegitimate son of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor by his mistress and possible wife Bianca Lancia. Her marriage was arranged to recognize an alliance between Beatrice's father and Frederick. The couple were married by proxy in March 1247 and the marriage contract was signed on 21 April 1247. Manfred and Beatrice had one daughter, Constance (1249-1302) who went on to marry Peter III of Aragon and became mother Alfonso III of Aragon, James II of Aragon and Elizabeth of Aragon.
In a testament from Beatrice's father dated 24 May 1253, the succession rights of Beatrice were bypassed in favor of her younger half-brother; the testament fails to mention Beatrice's second husband, possibly indicating a breakdown in the marriage. Beatrice died before 1259. Her husband became King of Sicily in 1258 and went on to marry Helena Angelina Doukaina and fathered children with her.
| of Savoy, Beatrice Marchioness of Saluzzo (I36274)
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| 35406 |
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Viennois
Beatrice was born in 1160 in Vienne, France, the second child of Géraud I of Mâcon and Maurette de Salins. She was descended from the House of Mâcon and had seven siblings.
After the death of Humbert III, Count of Savoy's third wife, Clementia of Zähringen, in 1175, Humbert was inconsolable and refused to remarry; however, he had no male heir. His advisers persuaded him to wed Beatrice the following year. Beatrice gave birth to Thomas, Count of Savoy in 1178.
Beatrice died in 1230 in Champagne-et-Fontaine, Aquitaine, France. | of Vienne, Beatrice Countess of Savoy (I36269)
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| 35407 |
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengaria_of_Barcelona
Berenguela or Berengaria of Barcelona was Queen consort of Castile, León and Galicia. She was the daughter of Raimon III of Barcelona and Dulce Aldonza Milhaud. Berenguela was the sister of Ramon Berenguer IV who was the ruler of the Kingdom of Aragon.
In November 1128, she married Alfonso VII. Their children were:
1. Sancho III of Castile (1134-1158)
2. Ramon, living 1136, died in infancy
3. Ferdinand II of León (1137-1188)
4. Constance (c.1138-1160), married Louis VII of France
5. Sancha (c.1139-1179), married Sancho VI of Navarre
6. García (c.1142-1145/6)
7. Alfonso (c.1144-by 1149)
In her lifetime a new political entity was formed in the northeast Iberian Peninsula: Portugal seceded from León in the west, giving more balance to the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula. Her brother Ramon Berenguer successfully pulled Aragon out of its pledged submission to Castile, aided no doubt by the beauty and charm of his sister Berengaria, for which she was well known in her time.
Her niece Dulce of Aragon married Sancho I of Portugal, while her famous granddaughter was Queen Berengaria of England.
She died in Palencia, and was buried at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.
| of Barcelona, Berenguela (Berengaria) Queen of Castille, León and Galicia (I36109)
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| 35408 |
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile
She was queen regnant of Castile in 1217 and queen consort of León from 1197 to 1204. As the eldest child and heir presumptive of Alfonso VIII of Castile, she was a sought after bride, and was engaged to Conrad, the son of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. After his death, she married her cousin, Alfonso IX of León, to secure the peace between him and her father. She had five children with him before their marriage was voided by Pope Innocent III.
When her father died, she served as regent for her younger brother Henry I in Castile until she succeeded him on his untimely death. Within months, she turned Castile over to her son, Ferdinand III, concerned that as a woman she would not be able to lead Castile's forces. However, she remained one of his closest advisors, guiding policy, negotiating, and ruling on his behalf for the rest of her life. She was responsible for the re-unification of Castile and León under her son's authority, and supported his efforts in the Reconquest of Spain from the Moors. She was a patron of religious institutions and supported the writing of a history of the two countries.
She was the eldest daughter of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor of England, and she was the heiress presumptive of the throne of Castile for several years, because many of her siblings who were born after her died shortly after birth or in early infancy.
Berengaria's first engagement was agreed in 1187 when her hand was sought by Conrad, Duke of Rothenburg and fifth child of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. Conrad then marched to Castile, where in Carrión the engagement was celebrated and Conrad was knighted. Berengaria's status as heir of Castile specified that she would inherit the kingdom after her father or any childless brothers who may come along. Conrad would only be allowed to co-rule as her spouse, and Castile would not become part of the Holy Roman Empire.
The marriage was not consummated, due to Berengaria's young age, as she was less than 10 years old. Conrad and Berengaria never saw each other again. By 1191, Berengaria requested an annulment of the engagement from the Pope, influenced, no doubt, by third parties such as her grandmother Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was not interested in having a Hohenstaufen as a neighbor to her French fiefdoms.
In order to help secure peace between Castile and León, Berengaria married Alfonso IX of León, her first cousin once removed, in Valladolid in 1197. As part of the marriage, and in accordance with Spanish customs of the time, she received direct control over a number of castles and lands within León. Most of these were along the border with Castile.
Berengaria and Alfonso IX had five children:
1. Eleanor (1198/1199-1202).
2. Constance (1200-1242), a nun in the Abbey of las Huelgas.
3.Ferdinand III (1201-1252), King of Castile and León.
4. Alfonso (1203-1272), Lord of Molina and Mesa by his first marriage to Mafalda de Lara, heiress of Molina and Mesa. His second marriage was to Teresa Núñez, and third to Mayor Téllez de Meneses, Lady of Montealegre and Tiedra, by whom he was the father of María of Molina, wife of King Sancho IV of León and Castile.
5. Berengaria (1204-1237), married John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem.
Starting in 1198, Pope Innocent III objected to the marriage on the grounds of consanguinity, though the couple stayed together until 1204. They vehemently sought a dispensation in order to stay together, including offering large sums of money. However, the pope denied their request, although they succeeded in having their children considered legitimate. Her marriage dissolved, Berengaria returned to Castile and to her parents in May 1204, where she dedicated herself to the care of her children.
Though she had left her role as queen of León, she retained authority over and taxing rights in many of the lands she had received there, which she gave to her son Ferdinand in 1206. Some of the nobles who had served her as queen followed her back to the court in Castille. The peace which had prevailed since her marriage was lost, and there was war again between León and Castille, in part over her control of these lands. In 1205, 1207, and 1209, treaties were made again between the two countries, each expanding her control. In the treaties of 1207 and 1209, Berengaria and her son were given again significant properties along the border. The treaty in 1207 is the first existing public document in the Castilian dialect.
In 1214, on the death of her father, Alfonso VIII of Castile, the crown passed to his only surviving son, Berengaria's 10-year-old brother, Henry I. Their mother Eleanor assumed the regency, but died 24 days after her husband. Berengaria, now heir presumptive again, replaced her as regent. At this point internal strife began, instigated by the nobility, primarily the House of Lara. They forced Berengaria to cede regency and guardianship of her brother to Count Álvaro Núñez de Lara.
The situation in Castile had grown perilous for Berengaria, so she decided to take refuge in the castle of Autillo de Campos, which was held by Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón (one of her allies) and sent her son Ferdinand to the court of his father. Circumstances changed suddenly when Henry died on 6 June 1217 after receiving a head wound from a tile which came loose while he was playing with other children at the palace of the Bishop of Palencia.
The new sovereign was well aware of the danger her former husband posed to her reign; it was feared that he would claim the crown for himself. Therefore, she kept her brother's death and her own accession secret from Alfonso. She wrote to Alfonso asking that Ferdinand be sent to visit her, and then abdicated in their son's favor on 31 August.
Although she did not reign for long, Berengaria continued to be her son's closest advisor, intervening in state policy, albeit in an indirect manner. Well into her son's reign, contemporary authors wrote that she still wielded authority over him. One example in which Berengaria's mediation stood out developed in 1218 when the scheming Lara family, still headed by former regent Álvaro Núñez de Lara, conspired to have Alfonso IX, King of León and King Ferdinand's father, invade Castile to seize his son's throne. However, the capture of Count Lara facilitated the intervention of Berengaria, who got father and son to sign the Pact of Toro on 26 August 1218, putting an end to confrontations between Castile and León.
In 1222, Berengaria intervened anew in favor of her son, achieving the ratification of the Convention of Zafra, thereby making peace with the Laras by arranging the marriage of Mafalda, daughter and heiress of the Lord of Molina, Gonzalo Pérez de Lara, to her own son and King Ferdinand's brother, Alfonso. In 1224 she arranged the marriage of her daughter Berengaria to John of Brienne, a maneuver which brought Ferdinand III closer to the throne of León, since John was the candidate Alfonso IX had in mind to marry his eldest daughter Sancha. By proceeding more quickly, Berengaria prevented the daughters of her former husband from marrying a man who could claim the throne of León.
Perhaps her most decisive intervention on Ferdinand's behalf took place in 1230, when Alfonso IX died and designated as heirs to the throne his daughters Sancha and Dulce from his first marriage to Theresa of Portugal, superseding the rights of Ferdinand III. Berengaria met with the princesses? mother and succeeded in the ratification of the Treaty of las Tercerías, by which they renounced the throne in favor of their half-brother in exchange for a substantial sum of money and other benefits. Thus were the thrones of León and Castile re-united in the person of Ferdinand III, which had been divided by Alfonso VII in 1157.
She intervened again by arranging the second marriage of Ferdinand after the death of Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen. Although he already had plenty of children, Berengaria was concerned that the king's virtue not be diminished with illicit relations. Her husband's rampant infidelity most likely played a part in this decision. This time, she chose a French noblewoman, Joan of Dammartin, a candidate put forth by the king's aunt and Berengaria's sister Blanche, widow of King Louis VIII of France. Berengaria served again as regent, ruling while her son Ferdinand was in the south on his long campaigns of the Reconquest. She governed Castile and León with her characteristic skill, relieving him of the need to divide his attention during this time.
She met with her son a final time in Pozuelo de Calatrava in 1245, afterwards returning to Toledo.[40] She died 8 November 1246,and was buried at Las Huelgas near Burgos.
Much like her mother, Eleanor of England, she was a strong patron of religious institutions. She worked with her mother to support the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas. As queen of León, she supported the Order of Santiago and supported the Basilica of San Isidoro, not only donating to it, but also exempting it from any taxes.
She is portrayed as a wise and virtuous woman by the chroniclers of the time.
| of Castile, Berengaria Queen of Castile and Queen of Léon (I36089)
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| 35409 |
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Tuke#Family
Sir Brian Tuke married Grissell Boughton (d. 28 December 1538), daughter of Nicholas Boughton of Woolwich, by whom he had three sons and three daughters. The eldest son, Maximilian, predeceased him; the second, Charles, died soon after him, and the property devolved on the third, George Tuke, who was sheriff of Essex in 1567. His eldest daughter, Elizabeth, married George Tuchet, 9th Baron Audley. His second daughter, Mary, married Sir Reginald Scott of Scot's Hall, Kent, by whom she was the mother of five sons and four daughters, including Mary Scott, who married firstly Richard Argall, by whom she had five sons, including Sir Samuel Argall, and six daughters; and secondly Lawrence Washington of Maidstone, by whom she had no issue.
Nicholas may have served as Secretary to Cardinal Wolsey of the Roman Catholic Church. | Boughton, Nicholas (I35985)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Tuke#Family
Sir Brian Tuke married Grissell Boughton (d. 28 December 1538), daughter of Nicholas Boughton of Woolwich, by whom he had three sons and three daughters. The eldest son, Maximilian, predeceased him; the second, Charles, died soon after him, and the property devolved on the third, George Tuke, who was sheriff of Essex in 1567. His eldest daughter, Elizabeth, married George Tuchet, 9th Baron Audley. His second daughter, Mary, married Sir Reginald Scott of Scot's Hall, Kent, by whom she was the mother of five sons and four daughters, including Mary Scott, who married firstly Richard Argall, by whom she had five sons, including Sir Samuel Argall, and six daughters; and secondly Lawrence Washington of Maidstone, by whom she had no issue. | Boughton, Grissell (I35984)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_of_Arles
Born ca 986 Constance was the daughter of William I, count of Provence and Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, daughter of Fulk II of Anjou.
Constance was married to King Robert, after his divorce from his second wife, Bertha of Burgundy. The marriage was stormy; Bertha's family opposed her, and Constance was despised for importing her Provençal kinfolk and customs. Robert's friend, Hugh of Beauvais, tried to convince the king to repudiate her in 1007. Possibly at her request twelve knights of her kinsman, Fulk Nerra, then murdered Beauvais.
In 1010 Robert went to Rome, followed by his former wife Bertha, to seek permission to divorce Constance and remarry Bertha. Pope Sergius IV was not about to allow a consanguineous marriage which had been formally condemned by Pope Gregory V and Robert had already repudiated two wives. So the request was denied. After his return according to one source Robert "loved his wife more."
Robert and Constance had the following children:
1. Hedwig (or Advisa), Countess of Auxerre (c. 1003-after 1063), married Renauld I, Count of Nevers on 25 January 1016 and had issue.
2. Hugh Magnus, co-king (1007-17 September 1025)
3. Henry I, successor (4 May 1008-4 August 1060)
4. Adela, Countess of Contenance (1009-5 June 1063), married (a) Richard III of Normandy and (b) Count Baldwin V of Flanders.
5. Robert (1011-21 March 1076) Duke of Burgundy
6. Odo or Eudes (1013-c.1056), who may have been intellectually disabled and died after his brother's failed invasion of Normandy
7. Constance (1014-1052), married Count Manasses de Dammartin.
At Constance's urging, her eldest son Hugh Magnus was crowned co-king alongside his father in 1017. But later Hugh demanded his parents share power with him, and rebelled against his father in 1025. Constance, however, on learning of her son's rebellion was furious with him, rebuking him at every turn. At some point Hugh was reconciled with his parents but shortly thereafter died, probably about age eighteen.
Robert and Constance quarreled over which of their surviving sons should inherit the throne; Robert favored their second son Henry, while Constance favored their third son, Robert. Despite his mother's protests and her support by several bishops, Henry was crowned in 1027. Constance, however, was not graceful when she didn't get her way.
Constance encouraged her sons to rebel, and they began attacking and pillaging the towns and castles belonging to their father. Son Robert attacked Burgundy, the duchy he had been promised but had never received, and Henry seized Dreux. At last King Robert agreed to their demands and peace was made which lasted until the king's death.
King Robert died on 20 July 1031. Soon afterwards Constance was at odds with both her surviving sons. Constance seized her dower lands and refused to surrender them. Henry fled to Normandy, where he received aid, weapons and soldiers from his brother Robert. He returned to besiege his mother at Poissy but Constance escaped to Pontoise. She only surrendered when Henry began the siege of Le Puiset and swore to slaughter all the inhabitants.
Constance died 28 July 1032. and was buried beside her husband Robert at Saint-Denis Basilica
| of Arles, Constance Queen of the Franks (I36080)
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| 35412 |
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_of_Burgundy
The daughter of Duke Robert I of Burgundy and Helie de Semur-en-Brionnais, she was Queen consort of Castile and León by her marriage to Alfonso VI of León and Castile. Also she was the granddaughter of King Robert II of France, the second monarch of the French Capetian dynasty. She was the mother of Urraca of León, who succeeded her father in both Castile and León.
In 1065, Constance married her first husband, Hugh II, Count of Chalon. They were married for fourteen years until Hughes' death in 1079, they had no children.
In late 1079, Constance remarried to Alfonso VI of León and Castile. The marriage appears to have been orchestrated via the Cluniac connections at Alfonso's court. He had previously been married to Agnes of Aquitaine, whom he had either divorced or had been widowed by. The marriage of Constance and Alfonso initially faced papal opposition, apparently due to a kinship between Constance and Agnes.
Constance and Alfonso had several children but only one of these lived to adulthood:
Urraca (b. April 1079-March 8, 1126) Queen of Castile and León in her own right. Married firstly to Raymond of Burgundy, and arried secondly to Alfonso the Battler.
Constance died in 1093 leaving her fourteen-year-old daughter and her husband a widower. He went on to marry three further wives after her death, but only had a son by his Muslim mistress, Zaida of Seville.
After her death, the corpse of Constance was taken to the town of Sahagún and was buried in the Monastery of St. Facundo and Primitivo, where her husband, King Alfonso VI would be buried along with all his wives. The grave that contained the remains of Alfonso VI was destroyed in 1810 during a fire in the Monastery. Today, the remains of Alfonso VI are buried in the Royal Monastery of San Benito in Sahagún, at the foot of the temple, in a stone chest covered with smooth, modern marble and in a tomb near equally plain, lie the remains of several of the king's wives, including those of Constance. | of Burgundy, Constance Queen of Castile and Léon (I36115)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_of_Castile
She was Queen of France as the second wife of Louis VII, who married her following the annulment of his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine.[1] She was a daughter of Alfonso VII of León and Berengaria of Barcelona, but her year of birth is not certainly known.
Constance died giving birth to her second child. Desperate for a son, her husband remarried a mere five weeks after her death.
Constance bore her husband two children:
1. Margaret, 1157-1197, who married first Henry the Young King of England, and then Béla III of Hungary
2. Alys, 1160-1220, who married William IV of Ponthieu
| of Castile, Constance (I36065)
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| 35414 |
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmait_Mac_Murchada
Diarmait Mac Murchada, in English Dermot MacMurrough, was a King of Leinster, centered around the city of Wexford in Ireland. He was deprived of his kingdom by the High King of Ireland, Ruaidri Ua Conchobair, and to recover his kingdom, Mac Murchada solicited help from King Henry II of England. In return, Mac Murchada pledged an oath of allegiance to Henry, who sent troops in support. As a further thanks for his reinstatement, Mac Murchada's daughter Aoife was married to Richard de Clare, the 2nd Earl of Pembroke (nicknamed "Strongbow"). Henry II then mounted a larger second invasion in 1171 to ensure his control over Strongbow, resulting in the Lordship of Ireland.
Mac Murchada was born around 1110, a son of Donnchad mac Murchada, King of Leinster and Dublin. His father's grandmother Dervorgilla (Derbforgaill) was a daughter of Donnchad, King of Munster and therefore she was a granddaughter of Brian Boru. His father was killed in battle in 1115 by his cousin Sigtrygg Silkbeard, king of the Dublin Vikings, and was buried by them in Dublin along with the body of a dog, considered to be a huge insult.
Mac Murchada had two wives (as allowed under the Brehon Laws), the first of whom, Sadb Ní Faeláin, was mother of a daughter named Órlaith who married Domnall Mór, King of Munster. His second wife, Mór Ní Tuathail, was mother of Aoife / Eva of Leinster and his youngest son Conchobar Mac Murchada. He also had two other sons, Domhnall Caomhánach mac Murchada and Énna Cennselach mac Murchada (blinded 1169). Diarmait Mac Murchada is buried in the Cathedral graveyard of Ferns village.
After the death of his older brother, Énna Mac Murchada, Diarmait unexpectedly became King of Leinster. This was opposed by the then High King of Ireland, Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair who feared (rightly) that Mac Murchada would become a rival. He was ousted from his throne, but was able to regain it with the help of Leinster clans in 1132. Afterwards followed two decades of an uneasy peace between Ua Conchobair and Diarmait.
As king of Leinster, in 1140?70 Diarmait commissioned Irish Romanesque churches and abbeys at Baltinglass, a Cistercian abbey, Glendalough, Ferns (his capital ? St Mary's Abbey), and Killeshin. He sponsored convents (nunneries) at Dublin (St Mary's, 1146), and in c.1151 two more at Aghade, County Carlow and at Kilculliheen near Waterford city.
He also sponsored the successful career of churchman St Lawrence O'Toole (Lorcan Ua Tuathail). He married O'Toole's half-sister Mor in 1153 and presided at the synod of Clane in 1161 when O'Toole was installed as archbishop of Dublin.
In 1166, Ireland's new High King and Mac Murchada's only ally Muirchertach Ua Lochlainn had fallen, and a large coalition led by Tigernán Ua Ruairc (Mac Murchada's arch enemy) marched on Leinster. The High King deposed Mac Murchada from the throne of Leinster. Mac Murchada fled to Wales and from there to England and France seeking the support of Henry II of England in the recruitment of soldiers to reclaim his kingship.
Henry authorized Diarmait to seek help from the soldiers and mercenaries in his kingdom. Those who agreed to help included Richard de Clare. He was offered Diarmait's daughter Aoife in marriage and promised the kingship of Leinster on Diarmait's death. Robert and Maurice were promised lands in Wexford and elsewhere for their services.
Diarmait was allowed to remain King of Leinster with Diarmait for his part recognising Ua Conchobair as High King. In Irish history books written after 1800, Diarmait Mac Murchada was often seen as a traitor, but his intention was not to aid an English invasion of Ireland, but rather to use Henry's assistance to become the High King of Ireland himself. The imperialism of the English, and later British, empire must not be placed anachronistically on to the events of 1166-1171. The adventurers who answered Diarmait's call for help were reacting to the opportunity for land and wealth.
Gerald of Wales, a cleric who visited Ireland in 1185 and whose uncles and cousins were prominent soldiers in the army of Strongbow, repeated their opinions of Mac Murchada:
"Dermot was a man tall of stature and stout of frame; a soldier whose heart was in the fray, and held valiant among his own nation. From often shouting his battle-cry his voice had become hoarse. A man who liked better to be feared by all than loved by any. One who would oppress his greater vassals, while he raised to high station men of lowly birth. A tyrant to his own subjects, he was hated by strangers; his hand was against every man, and every man's hand against him."
After his son-in-law, Strongbow's successful invasion, Henry II mounted a second and larger invasion in 1171 to ensure his control over his subjects, which succeeded. He then accepted the submission of the Irish kings in Dublin in November 1171. Henry added "Lord of Ireland" to his many other titles. Before he could consolidate his new Lordship he had to go to France to deal with his sons' rebellion in 1173. The 1175 Treaty of Windsor, brokered by St Lawrence O'Toole with Henry II, formalised the submission of the Gaelic clans that remained in local control, like the Uí Conchobair who retained Connacht and the Uí Néill who retained most of Ulster.
Diarmait died about 1 May 1171 and was buried in Ferns Cathedral, where his grave can be seen in the outside graveyard. | MacMurrough, Dermot King of Leinster (I36235)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douce_I,_Countess_of_Provence
She was the daughter of Gilbert I of Gévaudan and Gerberga of Provence and wife of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona. In 1112, she inherited the county of Provence through her mother. She married Ramon Berenguer at Arles on 3 February that year.
In 1113, Douce ceded her rights in Provence, Gévaudan, and the viscounty of Millau to her husband. According to a once prevailing opinion, "Provençal troubadours ... entered Catalonia at the time" and even the Catalan language was imported from Provence. It was the beginning of a great scheme to unite various lands on both sides of the Pyrenees.
In reality the marriage gave the House of Barcelona extensive interests in southern France and put it in conflict with the Counts of Toulouse, with whom a partition of Provence was signed in 1125, shortly before Douce's death. Her death inaugurated a period of instability in Provence. A branch of the House of Barcelona was set up to rule, but a disputed succession opened up wars between 1144 through 1162, which terminated in Provençal victory.
Her children with Ramon Berenguer were:
1. Almodis, married Ponce de Cervera
2. Berenguela (1116-1149), married Alfonso VII of Castile
3. Ramon Berenguer (1113-1162), Count of Barcelona
4. Berenguer Ramon (c. 1115-1144), Count of Provence
| of Provence, Douce I Countess of Provence (I36110)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Exile
He was the son of King Edmund Ironside and of Ealdgyth [Edith]. He spent most of his life in exile following the defeat of his father by Canute the Great.
After the Danish conquest of England in 1016, Canute had Edward, said to be only a few months old, and his brother, Edmund, sent to the Swedish court of Olof Skötkonung (who was either Canute's half-brother or stepbrother), supposedly with instructions to have the children murdered. Instead, the two boys were secretly sent either to Kiev, where Olof's daughter Ingigerd was the Queen, or to Poland, where Canute's uncle Boles?aw I Chrobry was duke. Later Edward made his way to Hungary, probably in the retinue of Ingigerd's son-in-law, András.
On hearing the news of his being alive, Edward the Confessor recalled him to England in 1056 and made him his heir. Edward offered the last chance of an undisputed succession within the Saxon royal house. News of Edward's existence came at a time when the old Anglo-Saxon Monarchy, restored after a long period of Danish domination, was heading for catastrophe.
The Confessor, personally devout but politically weak and without children, was unable to make an effective stand against the steady advance of the powerful and ambitious sons of Godwin, Earl of Wessex. From across the Channel William, Duke of Normandy, also had an eye on the succession. Edward the Exile appeared at just the right time. Approved by both king and by the Witan, the Council of the Realm, he offered a way out of the impasse, a counter both to the Godwinsons and to William, and one with a legitimacy that could not be readily challenged.
Edward, who had been in the custody of Henry III, the Holy Roman Emperor, finally came back to England at the end of August 1057. But he died within two days of his arrival. The exact cause of Edward's death remains unclear, but he had many powerful enemies, and there is a strong possibility that he was murdered, although by whom is not known with any certainty. It is known, though, that his access to the king was blocked soon after his arrival in England for some unexplained reason, at a time when the Godwinsons, in the person of Harold, were once again in the ascendant. This turn of events left the throne of England to be disputed by Earl Harold and Duke William, ultimately leading to the Norman Conquest of England.
He was buried in Old St Paul's Cathedral.
Edward's wife was named Agatha, whose origins are disputed. Their children were:
1. Edgar Ætheling (c. 1051-c. 1126) Elected King of England after the Battle of Hastings but submitted to William the Conqueror.
2. Saint Margaret of Scotland (c. 1045-16 November 1093) Married King Malcolm III of Scotland.
3. Cristina (c. 1057-c. 1093), Abbess at Romsey Abbey.
Edward's grandchild Edith of Scotland, also called Matilda, married King Henry I of England, continuing the Anglo-Saxon line into the post-Conquest English monarchy. | Ætheling, Edward the Exile (I36099)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_de_Clare
She was a powerful English noblewoman who married Hugh le Despenser, 1st Baron Despenser and was the granddaughter of Edward I of England. With her sisters, Elizabeth de Clare and Margaret de Clare, she inherited her father's estates after the death of her brother, Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester, 7th Earl of Hereford at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. She was born in 1292 at Caerphilly Castle in Glamorgan, Wales and was the eldest daughter Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, 7th Earl of Gloucester, 5th Lord of Glamorgan and HRH Princess Joan of Acre.
As a co-heiress with her sisters Elizabeth de Clare (wife of Roger Damory), and Margaret de Clare (wife of Hugh Audley), in 1314 she inherited the de Clare estates including the huge feudal barony of Gloucester, following the death of her brother, Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Gloucester at the Battle of Bannockburn. The partition was not fully settled until 1317.
During this period the family seat of Caerphilly Castle was held by the king under the stewardship of Payn de Turberville of Coity Castle. In protest against Turberville's mistreatment, the Welsh nobleman Llywelyn Bren and his supporters launched a surprise attack on 28 January 1316, and besieged Caerphilly Castle, which successfully held out under the command of "The lady of Clare" (almost certainly Eleanor) and a small garrison until relieved by Sir William Montacute on 12 March 1316. [Another ancestor]
In May 1306 at Westminster, Eleanor married Hugh le Despenser the Younger, the son of Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester by his wife Isabella de Beauchamp, daughter of William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick. Despenser thereby became Lord of Glamorgan. Her grandfather, King Edward I, granted Eleanor a dowry of 2,000 pounds sterling.
Eleanor's husband rose to prominence as the new favourite of her uncle, King Edward II of England. The king strongly favored Hugh and Eleanor, visiting them often and granting them many gifts. One foreign chronicler even alleged that Edward was involved in a ménage à trois with his niece and her husband. Eleanor's fortunes changed drastically after the invasion of Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer, following which her husband Hugh le Despenser was executed.
Eleanor and Hugh had nine children to survive infancy:
1. Hugh le Despencer, 2nd Baron le Despencer (1308-1349), 2nd Baron Le Despencer, who was restored to his grandfather's title of Baron le Despencer in 1338. He had no surviving children.
2. Gilbert le Despencer
3. Edward le Despenser, (1310-1342), soldier, killed at the siege of Vannes; father of Edward II le Despenser, Knight of the Garter, who became Baron Le Despencer in a new creation of 1357.
4. Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Arundel (1312-1356), married Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel.
5. John le Despenser, (1311-June 1366).
6.Eleanor le Despenser, (c. 1315-1351), nun at Sempringham Priory
7. Joan le Despenser, (c. 1317-1384), nun at Shaftesbury Abbey
8.Margaret le Despenser, (c. 1319-1337), nun at Whatton Priory
Elizabeth le Despenser, born 1325, died 13 July 1389, married Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley.
In November 1326, Eleanor was confined to the Tower of London. The Despenser family's fortunes also suffered with the executions of Eleanor's husband and father-in-law. Eleanor and Hugh's eldest son Hugh le Despencer, 2nd Baron le Despencer (1308-1349), who held Caerphilly Castle against the queen's forces until the spring of 1327, was spared his life when he surrendered the castle, but he remained a prisoner until July 1331, after which he was eventually restored to royal favor. Three of Eleanor's daughters were forcibly veiled as nuns. Only the eldest daughter, Isabel, and the youngest daughter, Elizabeth, escaped the nunnery, Isabel because she was already married and Elizabeth on account of her infancy. In February 1328 Eleanor was freed from imprisonment. In April 1328, she was restored to possession of her own lands, for which she did homage.
In January 1329 Eleanor was abducted from Hanley Castle by William la Zouche, 1st Baron Zouche of Mortimer, who had been one of her first husband's captors and who had led the siege of Caerphilly Castle. The abduction may in fact have been an elopement; in any case, Eleanor's lands were seized by King Edward III, and the couple's arrest was ordered.
At the same time, Eleanor was accused of stealing jewels from the Tower of London. Sometime after February 1329, she was imprisoned a second time in the Tower, and was later moved to Devizes Castle. In January 1330 she was released and pardoned after agreeing to sign away the most valuable part of her share of the lucrative Clare inheritance to the crown. She could recover her lands only on payment of the enormous sum of 50,000 pounds in a single day.
Within the year, however, the young future King Edward III (Eleanor's first cousin) overthrew Queen Isabella's paramour, Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, and had him executed. Eleanor was among those who benefited from the fall of Mortimer and Isabella.
She petitioned Edward III for the restoration of her lands, claiming that she had signed them away after being threatened by Roger Mortimer that she would never be freed if she did not. In 1331 Edward III granted her petition "to ease the king's conscience" and allowed her to recover the lands on the condition that she should pay a fine of 10,000 pounds, later reduced to 5,000 pounds, in installments. Eleanor made part-payments of the fine, but the bulk of it was outstanding at her death.
Eleanor's troubles were by no means over, however. After Eleanor's marriage to Zouche, John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Rotherfield claimed that he had married her first. In 1333 Grey was still attempting to claim marriage to Eleanor; the case was appealed to the Pope several times. Ultimately, Zouche won the dispute and Eleanor remained with him until his death in February 1337, only a few months before Eleanor's own death. By Zouche Eleanor had progeny as follows:
William de la Zouche, born 1330, died after 1360, a monk at Glastonbury Abbey and Joyce Zouche, born 1331, died after 4 May 1372, married John de Botetourt, 2nd Lord Botetourt.
Hugh le Despenser the younger and Eleanor are generally credited with having begun the renovations to Tewkesbury Abbey, a foundation of her ancestors, which transformed it into one of the finest example of the decorated style of architecture surviving today.
The famous fourteenth-century stained-glass windows in the choir, which include the armor-clad figures of Eleanor's ancestors, brother and two husbands, were most likely Eleanor's own contribution, although she probably did not live to see them put in place. The naked kneeling woman watching the Last Judgment in the choir's east window may represent Eleanor.
| de la Clare, Eleanor Lady of Glamorgan (I36053)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile
She was Queen of Castile and Toledo as wife of Alfonso VIII of Castile and was the sixth child and second daughter of Henry II, King of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Eleanor was born in the castle at Domfront, Normandy on 13 October 1162, as the second daughter of Henry II, King of England and his wife Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine. Her half-siblings were Marie and Alix of France, and her full siblings were Henry the Young, Duchess Matilda, King Richard, Duke Geoffrey, Queen Joan and King John.
In 1174, when she was 12 years old, Eleanor married King Alfonso VIII of Castile in Burgos. The couple had been betrothed in 1170, but due to the bride's youth as well as the uproar in Europe regarding her father's suspected involvement in the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket, the wedding was delayed. Her parents' purpose in arranging the marriage was to secure Aquitaine?s border on the Pyrennes, while Alfonso was seeking an ally in his struggles with his uncle, Sancho VI of Navarre. In 1177, this led to Henry overseeing arbitration of the border dispute.
Of all Eleanor of Aquitaine?s daughters, her namesake was the only one who was enabled, by political circumstances, to wield the kind of influence her mother had exercised. In her own marriage treaty, and in the first marriage treaty for her daughter Berengaria, Eleanor was given direct control of many lands, towns, and castles throughout the kingdom. She was almost as powerful as Alfonso, who specified in his will in 1204 that she was to rule alongside their son in the event of his death, including taking responsibility for paying his debts and executing his will. It was she who persuaded him to marry their daughter Berengaria to Alfonso IX of León. Troubadours and sages were regularly present in Alfonso VIII?s court due to Eleanor?s patronage.
Eleanor took particular interest in supporting religious institutions. In 1179, she took responsibility to support and maintain a shrine to St. Thomas Becket in the cathedral of Toledo. She also created and supported the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, which served as a refuge and tomb for her family for generations, and its affiliated hospital.
When Alfonso died, Eleanor was reportedly so devastated with grief that she was unable to preside over the burial. Their eldest daughter Berengaria instead performed these honours. Eleanor then took sick and died only twenty-eight days after her husband, and was buried at Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas.
Eleanor was praised for her beauty and regal nature by the poet Ramón Vidal de Besalú after her death. Her great-grandson Alfonso X referred to her as "noble and much loved."
Eleanor and Alfonso had 11 children:
1. Beregaria, the second wife of King Alfonso IX of León.
2. Sancho died in infancy.
3. Sancha died in infancy.
4. Henry died young.
5. Urraca married Alfonso II of Portugal.
6. Blanche married Louis VIII of France.
7. Ferdinand, heir to the throne, was returning through the San Vicente mountains from a campaign against the Muslims when he contracted a fever and died.
8. Mafalda betrothed in 1204 to Infante Ferdinand of Leon, eldest son of Alfonso IX and stepson of her oldest sister.
9. Eleanor married in Ágreda on 6 February 1221 with James I of Aragon.
10. Constance was a nun at the Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real at Las Huelgas.
11. Henry was the only surviving son, he succeeded his father in 1214 aged ten under the regency firstly of his mother and later his oldest sister. He was killed when he was struck by a tile falling from a roof.
| Plantagenet, Eleanor Queen of Castille (I36091)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Montfort,_Baroness_Montagu
Elizabeth Montfort was the daughter of Peter de Montfort, Knight, of Beaudesert Castle, Warwickshire (d. before 4 March 1287) and Maud de la Mare, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry de la Mare (d.1257), of Ashtead, Surrey; Royal Justice, Seneschal to William Longspree II, Earl of Salisbury; by Joan Neville, daughter of John Neville, Knt and Hawise de Courtney; granddaughter of Peter de Montfort of Beaudesert Castle by Alice Audley. She was born at Beaudesert Castle in Warwickshire.
Her marriage to William Montagu was arranged by Eleanor of Castile, the first wife of King Edward I of England. Edward was eager to make peace with the aristocracy after the battle, and things were fairly well patched up within a few years. His wife?s role in arranging the marriage was part of an elaborate system of arranged marriages designed to reinforce the power of the King and his aristocracy.
Both Elizabeth and her husband came from wealthy families, and they donated some of their money to various causes. Elizabeth was a major benefactor of the Priory of St Frideswide, Oxford, now Christ Church Cathedral at Oxford University. Her tomb now lies between the Latin Chapel, whose construction she funded, and the Dean?s Chapel, where she was originally buried.
She also donated a large piece of land to St. Frideswide in exchange for a chantry. This meant that two chantry priests would say daily mass in black robes bearing the Montacute and Montfort coats of arms. This continued until the Reformation. This piece of land, just south of the church is now called Christ Church Meadow. Later, the path through this was named Christ Church Walk and is now a very popular attraction in Oxford.
She married firstly, about 1292, William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu, by whom she had four sons and seven daughters:
John Montagu, eldest son and heir who predeceased his father.
William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1301-1344), who succeeded as 3rd Baron Montagu.
Simon Montagu (d.1345), who was successively Bishop of Worcester and Bishop of Ely.
Edward Montagu (d. 14 July 1361)
Alice Montagu, eldest daughter, who married, before 27 January 1333, as his first wife, Sir Ralph Daubeney.
Katherine Montagu, who married Sir William Carrington.
Mary Montagu, who married Sir Richard Cogan of Bampton, Devon.
Elizabeth Montagu, Prioress of Halliwell.
Hawise Montagu, who married Sir Roger Bavent.
Maud Montagu, Abbess of Barking from 1341-1352.
Isabel Montagu, Abbess of Barking from 1352-1358.
Elizabeth married secondly Thomas Furnivall, 1st Baron Furnivall (d. before 18 April 1332), who was pardoned and fined £200 on 8 June 1322 for marrying her without royal licence. | de Montfort, Elizabeth (I36024)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_de_Guader,_Countess_of_Norfolk
She was the wife of Ralph de Guader and the daughter of William FitzOsbern, Lord of Breteuil and later first Earl of Hereford, who was a cousin and close adviser of William the Conqueror. William's opposition to their marriage led to the unsuccessful Revolt of the Earls.
Born around 1059 in Breteuil in Normandy, Emma was born to William Fitz-Osbern and his wife Adeliza, the daughter of Roger I of Tosny and his wife Adelaide (the daughter of Ermesinde of Carcassonne, regent-countess of Barcelona).
In 1075 at Exning, Cambridgeshire, she married Ralph de Gaël, Earl of East Anglia (Norfolk and Suffolk) and Lord of Gaël and Montfort. William I of England [William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy] refused to sanction this marriage between two powerful families which caused a revolt. The leaders were her husband, Ralph, her brother Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford, and Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northumberland. The revolt was plagued by disaster. Her husband encountered a much superior force under the warrior bishops Odo of Bayeux and Geoffrey de Montbray (the latter ordered that all rebels should have their right foot cut off) near Cambridge and retreated hurriedly to Norwich, hotly pursued by the royal army. Leaving her to defend Norwich Castle, he sailed for Denmark in search of help, and eventually returned to England with a fleet of 200 ships under Cnut and Hakon, which failed to do anything effective.
In 1075, Emma, Countess of Norfolk defended Norwich Castle when it was under siege. She eventually negotiated safe passage for herself and her troops in exchange for her castle. She retired to her estate in Brittany, where she was rejoined by her husband. Ralph was deprived of all his lands and of his Earldom in England. They retired to her Breton lands. The two joined Robert, Duke of Normandy, on the First Crusade. Emma died some time after 1096 on the road to the Holy Land, and Ralph died circa 1101 in the course of the crusade.
They had three children who lived to adulthood:
1. William de Gael, succeeded his father as Seigneur de Gael. He claimed Breteuil after the death of his uncle William de Breteuil, but died shortly thereafter, according to Orderic Vitalis.
2. Raoul II de Gael, seigneur of Gael and Montfort. By 1119, he had obtained the honour of Breteuil in Normandy (his uncle William de Breteuil died 1103 without any legitimate issue). The Complete Peerage claims that his descendants in the male line continued to hold his estates in Brittany, acquiring Laval and Vitré in the 15th century with the marriage of the heiress of Montmorency-Laval, but such a male-line descent hasn't been traced. He had only one child by his wife, Amice (Amicia) (d. c. 31 August 1168) was initially betrothed to Richard, illegitimate son of Henry I and his mistress Ansfrida, but her betrothed died on the White Ship disaster in November 1120. She was then married to the King's ward Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester, second (twin) son of Robert de Beaumont, Count of Meulan.
3. Alain de Gael, who went with his parents on the First Crusade and died in the Holy Land
| de Breteuil, Emma Countess of Norfolk (I36132)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulk_FitzWarin
Also called Fulke, Fouke, FitzWaryn, FitzWarren, Fitz Warine, etc., he was a powerful marcher lord seated at Whittington Castle in Shropshire in England on the border with Wales, and also at Alveston in Gloucestershire. He rebelled against King John (1199-1216) from 1200 to 1203,[2] mainly over a dispute concerning his familial right to Whittington Castle, and was declared an outlaw. He was the subject of the famous mediaeval legend or "ancestral romance" entitled Fouke le Fitz Waryn, which relates the story of his life as an outlaw and his struggle to regain his patrimony from the king.
Fulk III was the son of Fulk II FitzWarin (died 1197) by his wife Hawise le Dinan, a daughter and co-heiress of Josce de Dinan. Fulk II was a marcher lord of Shropshire, the son and heir of Fulk I FitzWarin (d.1170/1) of Whittington and Alveston, who himself was the son of (i.e. in Norman French Fitz, in modern French fils de) the family's earliest known ancestor, thus deemed the family patriarch, "Warin of Metz", from Lorraine.
Land Disputes
At some time before 1178 Fulk II (d.1197) married Hawise de Dinan, a wealthy heiress, a daughter and co-heiress of Josce de Dinan, who held Ludlow Castle in the Welsh marches for the Empress Matilda during the civil war between herself and King Stephen. Throughout his lifetime he encountered numerous problems in receiving his patrimony and his other claims to land. These land disputes included estates his father held in-chief from the crown and others which he had held from the Peverel family as overlords.
Other lawsuits concerned Whittington Castle held by the Peverels during the reign of King Stephen. Although he won the right to Whittington in or about 1195, he never received formal legal seisin and it remained in Welsh hands at the time of his death in 1197.
Fulk III continued the claim to Whittington made by his father. After his father's death in 1197 Fulk III offered relief of £100 for the inheritance of Whittington. However Maurice of Powis (d.1200), the son of Roger of Powis, who had offered half that amount, on 11 April 1200 was granted Whittington by King John. Again, after Maurice's death in August 1200, King John granted it to Maurice's heirs.
It is not known why King John refused to recognise Fulk's claim to Whittington as his rightful inheritance but by April 1201 Fulk was in open rebellion against the King. He was accompanied by approximately fifty-two followers including his brothers William, Phillip and John, his cousins, and by the family's many tenants and allies in the Marches.
After many years of being an outlaw, on 11 November 1203 Fulk was pardoned together with over thirty of his followers, including his brothers and his cousins. In October 1204, on payment of a fine of 200 marks, Fulk at last received "right and inheritance" in Whittington.
Throughout these years Fulk's relations with the King were changeable and seemed to be directly dependent on the state of affairs in Wales. As a marcher lord Fulk's role as a protector of the English border against the Welsh was vital to the English King. He arbitrated several border disputes on behalf of the King and although there were more personal disagreements, there were no more rebellions on the part of Fulk III.
Fulk III FitzWarin married twice:
Firstly, in about 1207, to Maud le Vavasour (d.1226), (alias Matilda), daughter of Robert le Vavasour and widow of the powerful Lancashire baron Theobald Walter. He had the following progeny by Maud le Vavasour: Fulk IV FitzWarin (d.1264), Fulk Glas, Hawise FitzWarin, wife of William Pantulf, a Marcher Lord, Joan FitzWarin and Eva FitzWarin.
And secondly to Clarice de Auberville, daughter and heiress of Robert de Auberville of Iden and Iham, Sussex (a great-grandson of Ranulf de Glanvill) by his wife Clarice de Gestling. The progeny from this second marriage appears to have been a single surviving daughter:
Mabel FitzWarin (?1297), who married 1stly William de Crevequer (no issue), and 2ndly John de Tregoz, Lord Tregoz (d. before 6 Sept 1300), by whom she had two daughters and coheirs, Clarice and Sybil.
Fulk III lived to a great age and at some time before his death in 1258, he handed over control of much of his responsibilities to his son and heir Fulk IV. In 1252 he made his will in which he stated his wish to be buried at the priory he founded, Alberbury Priory.
Romance of Fouke le Fitz Waryn
After Foulk's death he became the subject the famous "ancestral romance" known as Fouke le Fitz Waryn, which contains a highly embellished account of his life and family history. It survives in a manuscript containing English, French and Latin texts. The romance of Fulk FitzWarin is noted for its parallels to the legend of Robin Hood.
| FitzWarin, Fulk III (I36013)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulk_FitzWarin#Marriages_and_progeny
Fulk FitzWarin III married secondly to Clarice de Auberville, daughter and heiress of Robert de Auberville of Iden and Iham, Sussex (a great-grandson of Ranulf de Glanvill) by his wife Clarice de Gestling. | de Auberville, Robert (I36015)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulk_FitzWarin#Marriages_and_progeny
Fulk FitzWarin III married secondly to Clarice de Auberville, daughter and heiress of Robert de Auberville of Iden and Iham, Sussex (a great-grandson of Ranulf de Glanvill) by his wife Clarice de Gestling.[The progeny from this second marriage appears to have been a single surviving daughter:
Mabel FitzWarin (?1297), who married 1stly William de Crevequer (no issue), and 2ndly John de Tregoz, Lord Tregoz (d. before 6 Sept 1300), by whom she had two daughters and coheirs, Clarice and Sybil | de Auberville, Clarice (I36014)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Fitz_Peter,_1st_Earl_of_Essex
He was a prominent member of the government of England during the reigns of Kings Richard I [the Lionheart] and John. The surname is sometimes rendered FitzPeter, for he was the son of Piers (Peter) de Lutegareshale, forester of Ludgershall.
He was from a modest landowning family that had a tradition of service in mid-ranking posts under Henry II. Geoffrey's elder brother Simon Fitz Peter was at various times High Sheriff of Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, and Bedfordshire. Geoffrey, too, got his start in this way, as High Sheriff of Northamptonshire for the last five years of Henry II's reign.
Around this time Geoffrey married Beatrice de Say, daughter and eventual co-heiress of William de Say II. This William was the elder son of William de Say I and Beatrice, sister of Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex. This connection with the Mandeville family was later to prove unexpectedly important. In 1184 Geoffrey's father-in-law died, and he received a share of the de Say inheritance by right of his wife, co-heiress to her father. He also eventually gained the title of earl of Essex by right of his wife, becoming the 4th earl.
When King Richard I [the Lionheart] left on crusade, he appointed Geoffrey one of the five judges of the king's court, and thus a principal advisor to Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham, who, as Chief Justiciar, was one of the regents during the king's absence. Late in 1189, Geoffrey's wife's cousin William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex died, leaving no direct heirs. His wife's inheritance was disputed between Geoffrey and Beatrice's uncle, Geoffrey de Say, but Geoffrey Fitz Peter used his political influence to eventually obtain the Mandeville lands (although not the earldom, which was left open) for himself.
He served as Constable of the Tower of London from 1198 to 1205. He also served as High Sheriff of Yorkshire from 1198 to 1201 and again in 1203 and as High Sheriff of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire from 1200 to 1205. On 11 July 1198, King Richard I [the Lionheart] appointed Geoffrey Chief Justiciar, which at that time effectively made him the king's principal minister. On his coronation day the new king ennobled Geoffrey as Earl of Essex.
King John granted Berkhamsted Castle to Geoffrey; the castle had previously been granted as a jointure palace to Queen Isabel prior to the annulment of the royal marriage. Geoffrey founded two hospitals in Berkhamsted, one dedicated to St John the Baptist and one to St John the Evangelist; the latter is still commemorated in the town with the name St John's Well Lane.
After the accession of King John, Geoffrey continued in his capacity as the king's principal minister until his death on 14 October 1213.
By his first wife, Beatrice de Say, daughter of William de Say and heiress of the Mandeville Earls of Essex, he had the following children:
1. Geoffrey FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex.
2. William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex.
3. Henry, Dean of Wolverhampton.
4. Maud Fitzgeoffrey, who married Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford.
With his second wife, Aveline, daughter of Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford, he had the following children:
1. John Fitzgeoffrey, Lord of Shere and Justiciar of Ireland.
2. Cecily Fitzgeoffrey.
3. Hawise Fitzgeoffrey.
Geoffrey's first two sons died without children. The earldom had been associated with their mother's Mandeville heritage, and the earldom was next granted to the son of their sister Maud and her husband Henry De Bohun instead of their half-brother John.
| FitzPiers, Geoffrey Earl of Essex (I36237)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Fitz_Peter,_1st_Earl_of_Essex
Piers de Lutegareshale, was the forester of Ludgershall. This area is northeast of Salisbury, in Wiltshire, England.
His job would have been to prevent poaching in the forest by the peasants in the land around Ludgershall Castle. The castle was probably first built in the late 11th century by Edward of Salisbury, Sheriff of Wiltshire. By about 1100 it had come into the possession of the Crown, and John the Marshal (died 1165) is recorded as the king's castellan.
Piers may have been present when in 1141 the Empress Maud took refuge in Ludgershall Castle as she fled from King Stephen's army.
Piers was a modest landowning family that had a tradition of service in mid-ranking posts under Henry II. His son Simon Fitz Peter was at various times High Sheriff of Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, and Bedfordshire. His other son, Geoffrey, too, got his start in this way, as High Sheriff of Northamptonshire for the last five years of Henry II's reign.
Geoffrey married Beatrice de Say, an heiress and the sister of Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex. This connection with the Mandeville family was to prove important as Geoffrey eventually become the Earl of Essex. | de Lutegareshale, Piers (I36257)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Flaitel
Gerard was a Norman baron with substantial estates in the Pays de Caux, the Hiemois, the Evrecin and Risle valley.
In 1035, when Robert I, Duke of Normandy left on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Gerard Flaitel was one of his companions. Duke Robert obtained permission for him and his retinue to continue on to Muslim-controlled Jerusalem. In Turkey Robert paid the required mussella (pilgrim tax). They arrived in time to spend Holy Week in Jerusalem. On their return through Asia Minor, Duke Robert fell ill while they were in Nicaea, and died there about 2 July. As he lay dying Gerard was asked to take possession of a Holy relic Duke Robert acquired in Jerusalem, reputedly a finger-bone of Saint Stephen, and to make a gift of it to the abbey or monastery of his choosing.
Gerard returned to Normandy and became a monk at the Abbey of St. Wandrille taking the relic with him. He died after 1047.
While the name of his wife (or wives) is not known Gerard Flaitel had the following children:
1. William Flaitel, Bishop of Évreux (d. 1066)
2. Ermengarde, wife of Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville
3. Basilla, wife of Ralph de Gacé, son of Robert, Archbishop of Rouen; and second marriage to Hugh de Gournay.
4. Anscherius | Flaitel, Gerard (I36254)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Fitz_Richard
About 1088, Gilbert Fitz Richard, Lord of Clare married Adeliza/Alice de Claremont, daughter of Hugh, Count of Clermont, and Margaret de Roucy. Gilbert and Adeliza had at least eight children:
1. Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare, d. 1136.
2. Gilbert Fitz Gilbert de Clare, d. 1148, 1st Earl of Pembroke.
3. Baldwin Fitz Gilbert de Clare, d. 1154, m. Adeline de Rollos.
4. Adelize/Alice de Clare, d. 1163, m. (ca. 1105), Aubrey II de Vere, son of Aubrey I de Vere and Beatrice. She had 9 children and in her widowhood was a paid pensioner at St. Osyth's, Chich, Essex.
5. Hervey de Clare, Lord of Montmorency.
6. Walter de Clare, d. 1149.
7. Margaret de Clare, d. 1185, m. (ca. 1108), Sir William de Montfitchet, Lord of Stansted Mountfitchet.
8. Rohese de Clare, d. 1149, m. (ca. 1130), Baderon of Monmouth | de Clermont, Adeliza (I36246)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Fitz_Richard
Gilbert, born before 1066, was the second son and an heir of Richard Fitz Gilbert of Clare and Rohese Giffard. He succeeded to his father's possessions in England in 1088 when his father retired to a monastery;his brother, Roger Fitz Richard, inherited his father's lands in Normandy. That same year he, along with his brother Roger, fortified his castle at Tonbridge against the forces of King William Rufus. But his castle was stormed, Gilbert was wounded and taken prisoner. However he and his brother were in attendance on King William Rufus at his death in August 1100. He was with Henry I at his Christmas court at Westminster in 1101.
In 1110, King Henry I took Cardigan from Owain ap Cadwgan and gave the Lordship of Cardigan, including Cardigan Castle to Gilbert Fitz Richard. Gilbert founded the Clunic priory at Stoke-by-Clare, Suffolk. He died in or before 1117.
About 1088, Gilbert married Adeliza/Alice de Claremont, daughter of Hugh, Count of Clermont, and Margaret de Roucy. Gilbert and Adeliza had at least eight children:
1. Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare, d. 1136.
2. Gilbert Fitz Gilbert de Clare, d. 1148, 1st Earl of Pembroke.
3. Baldwin Fitz Gilbert de Clare, d. 1154, m. Adeline de Rollos.
4. Adelize/Alice de Clare, d. 1163, m. (ca. 1105), Aubrey II de Vere, son of Aubrey I de Vere and Beatrice. She had 9 children and in her widowhood was a paid pensioner at St. Osyth's, Chich, Essex.
5. Hervey de Clare, Lord of Montmorency.
6. Walter de Clare, d. 1149.
7. Margaret de Clare, d. 1185, m. (ca. 1108), Sir William de Montfitchet, Lord of Stansted Mountfitchet.
8. Rohese de Clare, d. 1149, m. (ca. 1130), Baderon of Monmouth | de Clare, Gilbert Fitz Richard 2nd Lord of Clare (I36245)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guigues_III_of_Albon
In 1095, Guigues contracted an exemplary marriage with the high-born Matilda, long thought to be the daughter of Edgar the Aetheling, but now thought more likely to have been a daughter of Roger I of Sicily, the Great Count, and his third wife, Adelaide del Vasto. Some historians allege on the basis of possible birth dates, that her mother must have been Roger's second wife, Eremburga of Mortain.
She had the following children with Guigues:
1. Guigues IV "dauphin" (died 28 June 1142)
2. Humbert, Archbishop of Vienne (died 26 June 1147).
3. Guigues "the elder" who was living in 1105 and died young. ]
4. Garsenda, married William III of Forcalquier
5. Matilda, married Amadeus III of Savoy in 1135
6. Beatrice (born c. 1100), married Josserand de Die (c. 1095-c. 1147)
| Matilda (I36107)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guigues_III_of_Albon
He was was a Count of Albon from 1079, when the County of Vienne, located in southeastern France near Lyon, was divided between him and Humbert I of Savoy, who received Maurienne.
He was the son of Guigues II d'Albon and Petronel of Turin. His ancestors were lords of the castle of Albon and counts in the Grésivaudan and Briançonnais.
Guigues's reign was marked by continual strife with Hugh of Châteauneuf, Bishop of Grenoble, over the suzerainty of certain church lands in the Grésivaudan. Hugh accused the count of usurping the lands with the help of the Bishop Mallem and invented fantastic stories to back up his claim to the disputed estates. Finally an accord was signed between Guigues and the bishop in 1099. Guigues returned the ecclesiastic land, while Hugh recognised the authority of the count in the vicinity of Grenoble.
In 1095, Guigues contracted an exemplary marriage with the high-born Matilda, long thought to be the daughter of Edgar the Aetheling, but now thought more likely to have been a daughter of Roger I of Sicily, the Great Count, and his third wife, Adelaide del Vasto. Some historians allege on the basis of possible birth dates, that her mother must have been Roger's second wife, Eremburga of Mortain.
In 1129, Guigues benefited further from the division of the Viennois between himself and Amadeus III of Savoy. Four years later, he died, leaving as his heir Guigues IV "dauphin" (died 28 June 1142) and a second son, Humbert, Archbishop of Vienne (died 26 June 1147). He had third son Guigues "the elder" who was living in 1105 and died young. He had three daughters:
Garsenda, married William III of Forcalquier
Beatrice (born c. 1100), married Josserand de Die (c. 1095-c. 1147)
| of Albon, Guigues III Count of Albon (I36106)
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| 35431 |
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundred,_Countess_of_Surrey
She was the Flemish-born wife of an early Norman baron, William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey. She and her husband established Lewes Priory in Sussex. She was a sister of Gerbod the Fleming, 1st Earl of Chester.
Gundred married before 1070 William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey (d. 20 June 1088), who rebuilt Lewes Castle, making it his chief residence. Sometime between 1078 and 1082, Gundred and her husband set out for Rome visiting monasteries along the way. They visited Cluny Abbey and were impressed with the monks and their dedication. William and Gundred decided to found a Cluniac priory on their own lands in England. The house they founded was Lewes Priory. Gundred died in childbirth 27 May 1085 at Castle Acre, Norfolk, one of her husband's estates, and was buried at the Chapter house of Lewes Priory.
The children of William de Warenne and Gundred were:
1. William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey (d. 1138), who married Elisabeth (Isabelle) de Vermandois, widow of Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester.
2. Edith de Warenne, who married firstly Gerard de Gournay, lord of Gournay-en-Bray, and secondly Drew de Monchy.
3. Reynold de Warenne, who inherited lands from his mother in Flanders and died c. 1106.
4. An unnamed daughter, who married Ernise de Coulonces.[
| of Flanders, Gundred Countess of Surrey (I36220)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamelin_de_Warenne,_Earl_of_Surrey
He was an illegitimate son of Geoffrey of Anjou, and thus a half-brother of King Henry II, and an uncle of King Richard I [the Lionheart] and of King John. Until he married, he was known as Hamelin de Anjou or Hamelin the Bastard.
King Henry II arranged for him to marry one of the wealthiest heiresses in England, Isabel de Warenne, 4th Countess of Surrey, the widow of William of Blois. Hamelin and Isabella married in April 1164, and after the marriage he was recognized as Comte de Warenne, that being the customary designation for what more technically should be Earl of Surrey. In consequence of the marriage Hamelin adopted the surname de Warenne, as did his descendants. By his wife he had progeny one son and four daughters as follows:
1. William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, only son and heir, who married Maud Marshal.
2. Clemence (aka Adela), mistress of her cousin King John, and by him the mother of Richard FitzRoy, feudal baron of Chilham, in Kent.
3. Ela, who married firstly Robert de Newburn and secondly William FitzWilliam of Sprotborough.
4.Maud (alias Matilda), who married firstly Henry Count d'Eu and Lord of Hastings, secondly Henry d'Estouteville, Seigneur de Valmont.
5. Isabel,who married firstly Robert de Lacy of Pontefract, and secondly Gilbert de l'Aigle, Lord of Pevensey.
Warenne's lands in England centred on Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire, which powerful castle he built. He joined in the denunciations of Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket in 1164, although after Becket's death he became a great believer in Becket's sainthood, having reportedly been cured of blindness by the saint's intervention. In 1176 he escorted his niece Joan to Sicily for her marriage.
He remained loyal to Henry II through all the problems of the later part of his reign when many nobles deserted him, and continued as a close supporter of that king's eldest son and his own nephew, Richard I [the Lionheart]. During Richard's absence on the Third Crusade, he took the side of the regent William Longchamp. Hamelin was present at the second coronation of King Richard in 1194 and at King John's coronation in 1199.
He died in 1202 and was buried in the Chapter House of Lewes Priory in Sussex. He was succeeded by his son, William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey.
| de Warenne, Hamelin Earl of Surrey (I36213)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawise_of_Chester,_1st_Countess_of_Lincoln
Also known as Hawise of Kevelioc, she was an Anglo-Norman noblewoman and a wealthy heiress. Her father was Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester. She was the sister and a co-heiress of Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester. She was created 1st Countess of Lincoln in her own right in 1232. She was the wife of Robert de Quincy, by whom she had one daughter, Margaret, who became heiress to her title and estates.
Hawise was born in 1180 in Chester, Cheshire, England, the youngest child of Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester and Bertrade de Montfort of Évreux, a cousin of King Henry II of England. Hawise had five siblings, including Maud of Chester, Countess of Huntingdon, Mabel of Chester, Countess of Arundel, Agnes of Chester, Countess of Derby, Beatrice de Keviloc and a brother Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester.
Her paternal grandparents were Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester, and Maud of Gloucester, the granddaughter of King Henry I of England, and her maternal grandparents were Simon III de Montfort and Mahaut.
In 1181, when Hawise was a year old, her father died. He had served in Henry II's Irish campaigns after his estates had been restored to him in 1177. They had been confiscated by the King as a result of his having taken part in the baronial Revolt of 1173-1174. Her only brother Ranulf succeeded him as the 6th Earl of Chester.
Sometime before 1206, she married Robert de Quincy, son of Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester and Margaret de Beaumont of Leicester. The marriage produced one daughter:
Margaret de Quincy, 2nd Countess of Lincoln in her own right (c.1206-March 1266), married firstly in 1221 John de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln by whom she had two children, Edmund de Lacy, Baron of Pontefract, and Maud de Lacy; she married secondly on 6 January 1242 Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke.
Hawise's husband Robert died in 1217 in London. He had been accidentally poisoned through medicine prepared by a Cistercian monk. Robert and his father had both been excommunicated in December 1215 as a result of the latter having been one of the 25 sureties of the Magna Carta six months before.
Hawisse was married a second time to Sir Warren de Bostoke; they had a son, Sir Henry de Bostoke.
She inherited the castle and manor of Bolingbroke, and other large estates from her brother to whom she was co-heiress after his death on 26 October 1232. Hawise had already become 1st Countess of Lincoln in April 1231, when her brother Ranulf de Blondeville, 1st Earl of Lincoln resigned the title in her favor. He granted her the title by a formal charter under his seal which was confirmed by King Henry III. She was formally invested as 1st Countess of Lincoln in her own right by King Henry III on 27 October 1232 the day after her brother's death.
Less than a month later, in the same manner as her brother Ranulf de Blondeville, 1st Earl of Lincoln, she likewise made a gift, after receiving dispensation from the crown, of the Earldom of Lincoln to her daughter Margaret de Quincy who then became 2nd Countess of Lincoln in her own right and her son-in-law John de Lacy, Baron of Pontefract who then became the 2nd Earl of Lincoln by right of his wife.
Hawise died sometime between 6 June 1241 and 3 May 1243. She was more than sixty years of age.
| of Chester, Hawise 1st Countess of Lincoln (I36123)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawise_of_Chester,_1st_Countess_of_Lincoln
Sometime before 1206, she (Hawise of Chester) married Robert de Quincy, son of Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester and Margaret de Beaumont of Leicester. The marriage produced one daughter:
Margaret de Quincy, 2nd Countess of Lincoln in her own right (c.1206-March 1266), married firstly in 1221 John de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln by whom she had two children, Edmund de Lacy, Baron of Pontefract, and Maud de Lacy; she married secondly on 6 January 1242 Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke.
Hawise's husband Robert died in 1217 in London. He had been accidentally poisoned through medicine prepared by a Cistercian monk. Robert and his father had both been excommunicated in December 1215 as a result of the latter having been one of the 25 sureties of the Magna Carta six months before. | de Quincy, Robert (I36122)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helie_of_Burgundy
She was the daughter of Eudes I and Sibylla of Burgundy.
In June 1095, she married Bertrand of Toulouse, as his second wife. The two had one son, Pons of Tripoli (c.?1098-1137).
Bertrand succeeded his father as Count of Toulouse in 1105, and in 1108, he set out for Outremer to claim his father's rights as Count of Tripoli. Helie accompanied him on this expedition, which resulted in the capture of Tripoli in 1109; shortly after, their nephew, William-Jordan died of wounds, giving Bertrand an undisputed claim to Tripoli.
Bertrand died in 1112, and Pons succeeded him in Tripoli. Helie returned to France, where she married William III of Ponthieu in 1115.
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum says that they had five children, three sons and two daughters.
1. Guy II. He assumed the county of Ponthieu during his father Talvas' lifetime, but died in 1147 predeceasing his father.
2. William, Count of Alençon.
3. John I, Count of Alençon, married Beatrix d'Anjou, daughter of Elias II, Count of Maine and Philippa, daughter of Rotrou III, Count of Perche.
4. Clemence married (abt. 1189) Juhel, son of Walter of Mayenne.
5. Adela (aka Ela) married William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey. She married, secondly, Patrick of Salisbury.
Helie died on 28 February 1141, in Perseigne Abbey in Neufchâtel-en-Saosnois. | of Burgundy, Helie (I36071)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England
He also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death. Henry was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. On William's death in 1087, Henry's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, but Henry was left landless.
Henry purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert, but William and Robert deposed him in 1091. Henry gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William Rufus against Robert. Henry was present when William died in a hunting accident in 1100, and he seized the English throne, promising at his coronation to correct many of William's less popular policies.
Henry married Matilda of Scotland but continued to have a large number of mistresses, by whom he had many illegitimate children. Henry had a considerable sexual appetite and enjoyed a substantial number of sexual partners, resulting in a large number of illegitimate children, at least nine sons and 13 daughters, many of whom he appears to have recognised and supported. It was normal for unmarried Anglo-Norman noblemen to have sexual relations with prostitutes and local women, and kings were also expected to have mistresses. Some of these relationships occurred before Henry was married, but many others took place after his marriage to Matilda. Henry had a wide range of mistresses from a range of backgrounds, and the relationships appear to have been conducted relatively openly. He may have chosen some of his noble mistresses for political purposes, but the evidence to support this theory is limited.
Robert, who invaded in 1101, disputed Henry's control of England; this military campaign ended in a negotiated settlement that confirmed Henry as king. The peace was short-lived, and Henry invaded the Duchy of Normandy in 1105 and 1106, finally defeating Robert at the Battle of Tinchebray. Henry kept Robert imprisoned for the rest of his life. Henry's control of Normandy was challenged by Louis VI of France, Baldwin of Flanders and Fulk of Anjou, who promoted the rival claims of Robert's son, William Clito, and supported a major rebellion in the Duchy between 1116 and 1119. Following Henry's victory at the Battle of Brémule, a favourable peace settlement was agreed with Louis in 1120.
Considered by contemporaries to be a harsh but effective ruler, Henry skilfully manipulated the barons in England and Normandy. In England, he drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon system of justice, local government and taxation, but also strengthened it with additional institutions, including the royal exchequer and itinerant justices. Normandy was also governed through a growing system of justices and an exchequer. Many of the officials who ran Henry's system were "new men" of obscure backgrounds rather than from families of high status, who rose through the ranks as administrators. Henry encouraged ecclesiastical reform, but became embroiled in a serious dispute in 1101 with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, which was resolved through a compromise solution in 1105. He supported the Cluniac order and played a major role in the selection of the senior clergy in England and Normandy.
Henry's only legitimate son and heir, William Adelin, drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120, throwing the royal succession into doubt. Henry took a second wife, Adeliza, in the hope of having another son, but their marriage was childless. In response to this, Henry declared his daughter, Matilda, his heir and married her to Geoffrey of Anjou. The relationship between Henry and the couple became strained, and fighting broke out along the border with Anjou.
The Anglo-Norman barons were gathered together at Westminster on Christmas 1126, where they swore to recognise Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have. Putting forward a woman as a potential heir in this way was unusual: opposition to Matilda continued to exist within the English court, and Louis of France was vehemently opposed to her candidacy.
Henry died on 1 December 1135 after a week of illness.
Despite his plans for Matilda, the King was succeeded by his nephew, Stephen of Blois, resulting in a period of civil war known as the Anarchy. Lasting between 1135 and 1154, the period was marked by fierce fighting with English barons, rebellious Welsh leaders and Scottish invaders.
Matilda invaded in 1139 with the help of her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester.
Neither side was able to achieve a decisive advantage during the first years of the war; the Empress came to control the south-west of England and much of the Thames Valley, while Stephen remained in control of the south-east. Much of the fighting was attritional in character, comprising sieges, raiding and skirmishing between armies of knights and footsoldiers, many of them mercenaries. In 1141 Stephen was captured following the battle of Lincoln, causing a collapse in his authority over most of the country. However, on the verge of being crowned queen, Empress Matilda was forced to retreat from London by hostile crowds; shortly afterwards, Robert of Gloucester was captured at the rout of Winchester and the two sides agreed to swap their respective captives.
The war dragged on for many more years. Empress Matilda's husband, Geoffrey of Anjou, successfully conquered Normandy, but in England neither side could achieve victory.By the early 1150s the barons and the Church mostly wanted a long-term peace. Stephen and Henry agreed a negotiated peace, the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognised Henry as his heir. Stephen died the next year and Henry ascended the throne as Henry II, the first Angevin king of England. | of England, Henry I (Beauclerc) (I36092)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bigod,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk
Bigod married firstly to Juliane de Vere (died c. 1199), probably born in Essex, England. She was the daughter of Aubrey de Vere II and Adeliza de Clare, the daughter of Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Clare. The marriage was dissolved before 1156. They had one son, Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk. He married Ida de Tosny, and had children.
| de Vere, Juliane (I36226)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bigod,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk
He was the second son of Roger Bigod (also known as Roger Bigot) (d. 1107), sheriff of Norfolk and royal advisor, and Adeliza, daughter of Robert de Tosny.
After the death of his elder brother William, who perished without issue in the sinking of the White Ship on 26 November 1120, Hugh was allowed to inherit his brother's office of royal steward and many estates in East Anglia. He also succeeded his aunt Albreda, heiress of her brother Berengar de Tosny, with lands in Yorkshire and in Normandy. Hugh became Constable of Norwich Castle in 1122.
Hugh initially supported Stephen of Blois as king of England. On the death of Henry I in 1135, his nephew Stephen usurped the throne, despite the oath Stephen and the barons had sworn to accept Henry's daughter Empress Matilda as his successor. It was Bigod who asserted that, in his last days, Henry I had named Stephen to become king at the expense of his daughter Matilda. Civil war resulted when, in 1139 Matilda, commanded the military strength necessary to challenge Stephen within his own realm.
Bigod fought on Stephen's side in the First Battle of Lincoln, after which the Earl deserted the captured king. In July of that year he was granted the earldom of Norfolk by the Empress Matilda but he appears to have assumed a position of armed neutrality during the civil war, rather than actively siding with the supporters of the empress.
Five years later, in 1153, when Henry, Duke of Normandy, soon to be King Henry II (r. 1154-1189), landed in England to assert his claim to the throne, Bigod held out in Ipswich against Stephen's forces, while Henry II, on the other side, laid siege to Stamford. Both places fell to Stephen. In the critical state of his fortunes, however, Stephen was in no position to punish the rebel earl. Negotiations between the two parties resulted in Henry's recognition as Stephen's heir and Hugh eluded retaliation.
On Henry II's accession to the throne in December 1154, Bigod received confirmation of the possession of his earldom and office of royal steward. It was not before long that Bigod became agitated under the rule of law initiated by Henry and he grew restless. In 1157 Henry II marched into the eastern counties and received the earl's submission.
In 1173 the young Crown Prince Henry (also known as Henry the Young King), raised a revolt against his father, Henry II. This gave Hugh Bigod yet another chance for rebellion, along with the league of the English barons and the kings of France and Scotland in his favour. He at once became a leader in the cause, perhaps eager to revive the feudal power, which Henry II had curtailed.
Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester (d.1190) landed at Walton, in Suffolk, on 29 September 1173 and marched to Framlingham, joining forces with Hugh. Together they besieged and took the castle of Hagenet, but the Earl of Leicester was defeated and taken prisoner setting out from Framlingham at the Battle of Fornham. Other barons then turned their arms against Earl Hugh, who, not being strong enough to fight, opened negotiations with his assailants. It is said he bought them off, and at the same time secured a safe passage home for the Flemish mercenaries in his service.
Though defeated and compelled to surrender his castles, Bigod kept his lands and his earldom, and lived at peace with Henry II until his death reportedly in 1177 in the Holy Land.
It should be noted, however, that on 1 March 1177, his son Roger Bigod appealed to the king on a dispute with his stepmother. Hugh being dead at the time of Roger's appeal, the date of his father's death is fixed 'ante caput jejunii', (i.e. before 9 March). If, then, he died in Palestine, his death must have taken place in the preceding year, 1176, to allow time for the arrival of the news in England. Henry II took advantage of Roger's appeal to seize upon the late Earl's treasure. Earl Hugh had possessed vast estates, which he inherited, and was also the recipient of the third penny of judicial fines levied in the county of Norfolk by right of his earldom.
Bigod married first Juliane de Vere (died c. 1199), probably born in Essex, England. She was the daughter of Aubrey de Vere II and Adeliza de Clare, the daughter of Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Clare. The marriage was dissolved before 1156. They had one son, Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk.
He married second Gundreda (c.1135-1200), daughter of Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick. They had two children:
1. Hugh Bigod (b. c. 1156)
2. William Hugh Bigod (b. 1168)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bigod,_3rd_Earl_of_Norfolk
He was a member of the powerful early Norman Bigod family and was for a short time the 3rd Earl of Norfolk. Born ca. 1182, Hugh the eldest son of Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk by his wife Ida de Tosny.
In 1215 he was one of the twenty-five sureties of Magna Carta of King John. He succeeded to his father?s estates (including Framlingham Castle) in 1221.
In late 1206 or early 1207, Hugh married Maud Marshal (1192 -27 March 1248), daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1147-1219), Marshal of England, by his wife Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke. They had four, or possibly five, children:
1. Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (c.?1209-1270), died without progeny.
2. Hugh Bigod (1211-1266), Justiciar of England. Married Joan de Stuteville, by whom he had issue.
3. Isabel Bigod (c. 1212-1250), married twice: Firstly to Gilbert de Lacy, by whom she had children; Secondly to John FitzGeoffrey, Lord of Shere, by whom she had children, including Maud FitzJohn, and Joan FitzJohn who married Theobald le Botiller, and from whom descended the Irish Earls of Ormond.
4. Ralph Bigod (born c. 1215)
Hugh died on 18 Feb 1225. Very soon after Hugh's death, his widow Maud remarried William de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey.
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Capet
Hugh was the first King of the Franks of the House of Capet from his election in 987 until his death, and was the son of Hugh the Great, Duke of the Franks, and Hedwige of Saxony, daughter of the German king Henry the Fowler.
Born into a well-connected and powerful family with many ties to the royal houses of France and Germany, he was the nephew to: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor; Henry I, Duke of Bavaria; Bruno the Great, Archbishop of Cologne; and finally, Gerberga of Saxony, Queen of France. Gerberga was the wife of Louis IV, King of France and mother of Lothair of France and Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine. His father's father had been King Robert I.
Hugh was a seventh-generation descendant of Charlemagne as follows:
Hugh Capet, son of
Hugh the Great, son of
Béatrice of Vermandois, daughter of
Herbert I, Count of Vermandois, son of
Pepin, Count of Vermandois, son of
Bernard of Italy, King of the Lombards, son of
Pepin of Italy, King of the Lombards, son of
Charlemagne.
After the end of the ninth century, the descendants of Robert the Strong became indispensable in carrying out royal policies. As Carolingian power failed, the great nobles of West Francia began to assert that the monarchy was elective, not hereditary, and twice chose Robertians (Odo I (888-898) and Robert I (922-923)) as kings, instead of Carolingians. Hugh's father, Hugh the Great, allied himself with King Louis IV to become the most powerful person in France in the first half of the tenth century. Once in power, Louis IV granted him the title of dux Francorum (Duke of the Franks). Hugh the Great came to dominate a wide swath of central France, from Orléans and Senlis to Auxerre and Sens, while the king was rather confined to the area northeast of Paris (Compiègne, Laon, Soissons).
The realm in which Hugh Capet grew up, and of which he would one day be king, bore little resemblance to modern France. It was a a divided patchwork of dukedoms and fiefs with everyone fighting to protect and acquire more territory. Hugh's predecessors did not call themselves kings of France, and that title was not used by his successors until the time of his descendant, Philip II. The lands they ruled comprised only a small part of the former Carolingian Empire.
In 956, when his father Hugh the Great died, Hugh, the eldest son, was then about fifteen years old and had two younger brothers. Otto I, King of Germany, intended to bring western Francia under his control, which was possible since he was the maternal uncle of Hugh Capet, and Lothair of France, the new king of the Franks, who succeeded Louis IV in 954, at the age of 13. Otto I appointed his brother Bruno, Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lorraine, as guardian of Lothair and regent of the kingdom of France. In 956, Otto gave him the same role over Hugh and the Robertian principality. With these young princes under his control, Otto aimed to maintain the balance between Robertians, Carolingians, and Ottonians.
Although Hugh inherited his father's estates, in theory making him one of the most powerful nobles in the much-reduced kingdom of West Francia, he was not yet an adult so his mother acted as his guardian, and young Hugh's neighbors took advantage. Theobald I of Blois, a former vassal of Hugh's father, took the counties of Chartres and Châteaudun. Further south, on the border of the kingdom, Fulk II of Anjou, another former client of Hugh the Great, carved out a principality at Hugh's expense and that of the Bretons.
When Otto I, the Holy Roman Emperor died in 973, Lothair of France moved to recover Lorraine, "cradle of Carolingians". Accompanied by the nobles of the kingdom, Lothair surprised and plundered Aachen, residence of Otto II, forcing the imperial family to flee. After occupying Aachen for five days, Lothair returned to France after symbolically disgracing the city. In September 978, Otto II retaliated against Lothair by invading France.He met with little resistance on French territory, devastating the land around Rheims, Soissons, and Laon. Lothair then fled to the French capital of Paris where he was besieged by Otto II and Charles. Sickness among his troops brought on by winter and a French relief army under Hugh Capet forced Otto II and Charles to lift the siege on November 30, and return to Germany. This victory allowed Hugh Capet to regain his position as the first noble of the Frankish kingdom.
The Archbishop of Reims was the most important clerical leader and traditionally had supported the ruling family and had long been central to the royal policy. Adalberon, Archbishop of Rheims, was assisted by one of the most advanced minds of his time, the schoolmaster and future Pope, Gerbert of Aurillac. Adalberon and Gerbert worked for the restoration of a single dominant empire in Europe. King Lothair became independent, which defeated their plans to bring the whole of Europe under a single crown. Therefore, they turned their support from Lothair to Hugh Capet. Hugh was for them the ideal candidate, especially since he actively supported monastic reform in the abbeys while other contenders continued to distribute church revenues to their own partisans.
With the support of Adalberon of Reims, Hugh became the new leader of the kingdom. In a letter Gerbert of Aurillac wrote to Archbishop Adalberon that "Lothair is king of France in name alone; Hugh is, however, not in name but in effect and deed." In 979, Lothair sought to ensure his succession by associating his eldest son with the throne. Hugh Capet supported him and summoned the great nobles of the kingdom. The following year, Lothair, seeing the growing power of Hugh, decided to reconcile with the Emperor Otto II by agreeing to renounce Lorraine. Tension mounted between Lothair and Hugh.
When Lothair died in March 986, his son, Louis V, became king and wished to launch an offensive against Reims and Laon. But while hunting in the forest of Senlis, the king was killed in a riding accident on 21 or 22 May 987. He died childless. The apparent successor was Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, brother of Lothair, uncle of Louis V, first cousin of Hugh Capet through their mothers.
For ten years, Hugh Capet had been openly competing against his king, and appeared to have subjected the great vassals. Charles of Lorraine was accused of all evils: he wanted to usurp the crown, had allied himself with the emperor against his brother, and had defamed Queen Emma of Italy, his brother's wife. The archbishop of Reims convened the greatest lords of France at Senlis and denounced Charles of Lorraine for not maintaining his dignity, having made himself a vassal of the emperor Otto II and marrying a woman from a lower class of nobility. Then he promoted the candidacy of Hugh Capet to be King. Hugh was elected and crowned rex Francorum at Noyon in Picardy on 3 July 987, by the prelate of Reims, the first of the House of Capet.
Immediately after his coronation, Hugh began to push for the coronation of his son Robert. The archbishop, wary of establishing hereditary kingship in the Capetian line, answered that two kings cannot be created in the same year. Hugh claimed, however, that he was planning an expedition against the Moorish armies harassing Borrel II, Count of Barcelona (a vassal of the French crown), and that the stability of the country necessitated two kings should he die while on expedition. Robert was eventually crowned on 25 December that same year.
Chess was to become a popular game in the Middle Ages, and the pieces of knight, king, queen bishop, rook [castle] and pawn and reflected the events happening at this time France as sides of nobles and clergy competed for territory and alliances.
Charles of Lorraine, the Carolingian heir, contested the succession. He drew support from the Count of Vermandois, a cadet of the Carolingian dynasty; and from the Count of Flanders, loyal to the Carolingian cause. Adding to the complication was the death of Hugh's ally and kingmaker, the Archbishop of Reims, Adalberon. The position was was contested by his right-hand man, Gerbert of Aurillac, and Arnulf, illegitimate son of King Lothair of France (and nephew of Charles of Lorraine). Arnulf was installed and shortly after sent one of his agents and opened the gates of the city to his uncle, Charles. Arnulf acted as if terrified, and the city of Reims was compelled to surrender. To keep up appearances, Arnulf and Charles denounced each other, until Arnulf swore fealty to Charles.
Hugh was in a predicament as it would be difficult to take Reims by force. Adalberon, bishop of Laon, whom Charles expelled when he took the city, had sought the protection of Hugh Capet. The bishop made overtures to Arnulf and Charles, to mediate a peace between them and Hugh Capet. Adalberon was received by Charles favorably. That very night the bishop seized Charles and Arnulf in their sleep, and delivered them to Hugh. Charles was imprisoned in Orléans until his death. His sons, born in prison, were released.
The reaction in the southern half of the kingdom were not favorable. The Duke of Aquitaine refuses to submit to his king, "condemning the crime of the Franks [the capture of Charles]" and the Bishop of Laon is compared to Judas the "traitor." Hugh Capet possessed minor properties near Chartres and Angers. Between Paris and Orléans he possessed towns and estates amounting to approximately 400 square miles. His authority ended there, and if he dared travel outside his small area, he risked being captured and held for ransom, though his life would be largely safe.
Beyond his power base, in the rest of France, there were still as many codes of law as there were fiefdoms. The "country" operated with 150 different forms of currency and at least a dozen languages. Uniting all this into one cohesive unit was a formidable task and a constant struggle between those who wore the crown of France and its feudal lords. Therefore, Hugh Capet's reign was marked by numerous power struggles with the vassals on the borders of the Seine and the Loire.
Hugh Capet died on 24 October 996 in Paris and was interred in the Saint Denis Basilica. His son Robert continued to reign.
Most historians regard the beginnings of modern France with the coronation of Hugh Capet. This is because, as Count of Paris, he made the city his power center. The monarch began a long process of exerting control of the rest of the country from there.
He is regarded as the founder of the Capetian dynasty. The direct Capetians, or the House of Capet, ruled France from 987 to 1328; thereafter, the Kingdom was ruled by cadet branches of the dynasty. All French kings through Louis Philippe, and all royals since then, have belonged to the dynasty. Furthermore, allied branches of the House continue to reign in Spain and Luxembourg.
All monarchs of the Kingdom of France from Hugh Capet to Philip II of France were titled King of the Franks. Philip II of France was the first to use the title of King of France. Many people make this minor error in writing or doing genealogy.
Hugh Capet married Adelaide, daughter of William Towhead, Count of Poitou. Their children are as follows:
1. Gisela, or Gisele, who married Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu
2. Hedwig, or Hathui, who married Reginar IV, Count of Hainaut
3. Robert II, who became king after the death of his father
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger
He was the son and heir of Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester (the elder Despenser), and Isabella daughter of William, 9th Earl of Warwick. He rose to national prominence as royal chamberlain and a favourite of Edward II of England. A series of subsequent controversies eventually led to him being hanged, drawn and quartered.
Hugh le Despenser the younger was knight of Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, King's Chamberlain, Constable of Odiham Castle, Keeper of the castle and town of Portchester, Keeper of the castle, town and barton of Bristol and, in Wales, Keeper of the castle and town of Dryslwyn, and the region of Cantref Mawr, Carmarthenshire. Also in Wales, he was Lord of Glamorgan which gave him possession of Cardiff Castle. In addition he was Keeper of the castles, manor, and lands of Brecknock, Hay, Cantref Selyf, etc., in County Brecon, and, in England of Huntington, Herefordshire. He was given Wallingford Castle although this had previously been given to Queen Isabella for life.
In May 1306 Hugh le Despenser the younger was knighted, and that summer he married Eleanor de Clare, daughter of Gilbert de Clare, 9th Lord of Clare and 7th Earl of Hertford and Joan of Acre.
Eleanor's grandfather, Edward I, owed the elder Despenser 2,000 marks (£1,000,000 at today's prices) and the marriage settled this debt, and was a reward for the elder Hugh's loyal service.
When Eleanor's brother, Gilbert, was killed in 1314 at the Battle of Bannockburn, she unexpectedly became one of the three co-heiresses to the rich Gloucester earldom, and in her right, Hugh inherited Glamorgan and other properties. In just a few years Hugh went from a landless knight to one of the wealthiest magnates in the kingdom.
Eleanor was also the niece of the new king, Edward II of England, and this connection brought Despenser closer to the English royal court. He joined the baronial opposition to Piers Gaveston, the king's favorite (and Hugh's brother-in-law, as Gaveston was married to Eleanor's sister Margaret).
Eager for power and wealth, Despenser seized Tonbridge Castle in 1315, after his brother-in-law's death under the misapprehension that it belonged to his mother-in-law (he relinquished it on discovering that the rightful owner was the Archbishop of Canterbury).
Hugh le Despenser the younger became royal chamberlain in 1318. As a royal courtier, Despenser maneuvered into the affections of King Edward, displacing the previous favorite, Roger d'Amory. This was much to the dismay of the baronage as they saw him both taking their rightful places at court and being a worse version of Gaveston. By 1320 his greed was running free. He also supposedly vowed to be revenged on Roger Mortimer because Mortimer's grandfather had killed Hugh's grandfather, and once stated (though probably in jest) that he regretted he could not control the wind. By 1321 he had earned many enemies in every stratum of society, from Queen Isabella to the barons to the common people. There was even a plot to kill Despenser by sticking his wax likeness with pins.
Finally the barons prevailed upon King Edward and forced Despenser and his father into exile in August 1321. Following the exile of the Despensers, the barons who opposed them fell out among themselves, and the King summoned the two men back to England. Early in the following year, King Edward took advantage of these divisions to secure the surrender of Marcher Lord Roger Mortimer, and the defeat and execution of the Earl of Lancaster, the Despensers' chief opponents. The pair returned and King Edward quickly reinstated Despenser as royal favourite. The time from the Despensers' return from exile until the end of Edward II's reign was a time of uncertainty in England. With the main baronial opposition leaderless and weak, having been defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge, and Edward willing to let them do as they pleased, the Despensers were left unchecked. This maladministration caused hostile feeling for them and, by proxy, Edward II. Despenser repeatedly pressed King Edward to execute Mortimer, who had been held prisoner in the Tower of London, following his surrender. However, Mortimer escaped from the Tower and fled to France.
Like his father, Hugh Despencer the Elder, was accused by a significant number of people of widespread criminality. Despenser seized the Welsh lands of his wife's inheritance, ignoring the claims of his two brothers-in-law and cheated his sister-in-law Elizabeth de Clare out of Gower and Usk. During his exile he became a pirate in the English Channel, "a sea monster, lying in wait for merchants as they crossed the sea". In 1318 he murdered Llywelyn Bren, a Welsh hostage in his custody. He imprisoned Sir William Cokerell in the Tower of London where he was forced to pay to save his life, and he forced Alice de Lacy, Countess of Lincoln, to give up her lands.
Queen Isabella had a special dislike for Hugh le Despenser the younger. (Froissart wrote that "he was a sodomite.")[homosexual] Alison Weir, in her 2005 book Queen Isabella: Treachery, Adultery, and Murder in Medieval England, speculates that he had raped Isabella and that was the source of her hatred. While Isabella was in France to negotiate between her husband and the French king, she formed a liaison with Roger Mortimer and began planning an invasion. Despenser supposedly tried to bribe French courtiers to assassinate Isabella, sending barrels of silver as payment.
Roger Mortimer and the Queen invaded England in October 1326. Their forces numbered only about 1,500 mercenaries to begin with, but the majority of the nobility rallied to them throughout October and November. By contrast, very few people were prepared to fight for Edward II, mainly because of the hatred that the Despensers had aroused. The Despensers fled West with the King, with a sizeable sum from the treasury. The escape was unsuccessful. Separated from the elder Despenser, the King and the younger Despenser were deserted by most of their followers, and were captured near Neath in mid-November. King Edward was placed in captivity and later forced to abdicate in favour of his son. The elder Despenser (the father) was hanged at Bristol on 27 October 1326, and younger Despenser (the son) was brought to trial.
Hugh le Despenser the younger tried to starve himself before his trial, but he did face trial on 24 November 1326, in Hereford, before Mortimer and the Queen. In Froissart's account of the execution, Despenser was then tied firmly to a ladder, and ?in full view of the crowd? had his genitals sliced off and burned in his still-conscious sight, then his entrails slowly pulled out, and, finally, his heart cut out and thrown into the fire. Froissart (or rather Jean le Bel's chronicle, on which he relied) is the only source to describe castration, where all other contemporary accounts have Despenser hanged, drawn and quartered (which usually involved castration). Finally, his corpse was beheaded, his body cut into four pieces, and his head mounted on the gates of London.
Four years later, in December 1330, his widow was given permission to gather and bury his remains at the family's Gloucestershire estate, but only the head, a thigh bone and a few vertebrae were returned to her.
Eleanor and Hugh had nine children to survive infancy:
1. Hugh le Despencer, 2nd Baron le Despencer (1308-1349), 2nd Baron Le Despencer, who was restored to his grandfather's title of Baron le Despencer in 1338. He had no surviving children.
2. Gilbert le Despencer
3. Edward le Despenser, (1310-1342), soldier, killed at the siege of Vannes; father of Edward II le Despenser, Knight of the Garter, who became Baron Le Despencer in a new creation of 1357.
4. Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Arundel (1312-1356), married Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel.
5. John le Despenser, (1311-June 1366).
6.Eleanor le Despenser, (c. 1315-1351), nun at Sempringham Priory
7. Joan le Despenser, (c. 1317-1384), nun at Shaftesbury Abbey
8.Margaret le Despenser, (c. 1319-1337), nun at Whatton Priory
Elizabeth le Despenser, born 1325, died 13 July 1389, married Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley.
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_II,_Duke_of_Burgundy
The duke of Burgundy between 1103 and 1143, Hugh was son of Odo I, Duke of Burgundy. Hugh was selected custos for the monastery of St. Benigne.
He married, in about 1115, Felicia-Matilda of Mayenne, daughter of Gauthier, Count of Mayenne and Adelina de Presles.
They had the following:
1. Aigeline of Burgundy (b.1116), married Hugh I, Count of Vaudemont
2. Clemence of Burgundy (b.1117), married Geoffrey III of Donzy
3. Odo II, Duke of Burgundy, (1118-1162) married Maria of Champagne
4. Gauthier, Archbishop of Besançon (1120-1180)
5. Hugh le Roux (1121-1171) married Isabel of Chalon
6. Robert, Bishop of Autun (1122-1140)
7. Henry, Bishop of Autun (1124-1170)
8. Raymond, Count of Grignon (1125-1156) married Agnes of Montpensier
9. Sibylla of Burgundy (1126-1150), married Roger II of Sicily
10. Ducissa (b.1128), married Raymond de Grancy
11. Matilda of Burgundy (1130-1159), married William VII of Montpellier
12. Aremburge (b.1132), Nun | de Mayenne, Felicia-Matilda (I36277)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_II,_Duke_of_Burgundy
The duke of Burgundy between 1103 and 1143, Hugh was son of Odo I, Duke of Burgundy. Hugh was selected custos for the monastery of St. Benigne.
He married, in about 1115, Felicia-Matilda of Mayenne, daughter of Gauthier, Count of Mayenne and Adelina de Presles.
They had the following:
1. Aigeline of Burgundy (b.1116), married Hugh I, Count of Vaudemont
2. Clemence of Burgundy (b.1117), married Geoffrey III of Donzy
3. Odo II, Duke of Burgundy, (1118-1162) married Maria of Champagne
4. Gauthier, Archbishop of Besançon (1120-1180)
5. Hugh le Roux (1121-1171) married Isabel of Chalon
6. Robert, Bishop of Autun (1122-1140)
7. Henry, Bishop of Autun (1124-1170)
8. Raymond, Count of Grignon (1125-1156) married Agnes of Montpensier
9. Sibylla of Burgundy (1126-1150), married Roger II of Sicily
10. Ducissa (b.1128), married Raymond de Grancy
11. Matilda of Burgundy (1130-1159), married William VII of Montpellier
12. Aremburge (b.1132), Nun
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_III,_Duke_of_Burgundy
He was duke of Burgundy between 1162 and 1192. Hugh was the eldest son of duke Odo II and Marie of Champagne, daughter of Theobald and Mathilda of Carinthia.
The rule of Hugh III marked the ending of a period of relative peace in the duchy of Burgundy. Hugh was a belligerent man and soon was involved in conflicts against King Louis VII of France over their borders. When King Philip Augustus succeeded Louis in 1180, Hugh seized the opportunity and forced several men to change their allegiance to Burgundy. Philip II was not happy with the loss of his vassals and invaded the duchy, besieging Châtillon. The town fell and with it, its garrison, commanded by Eudes, Hugh's heir. A peace was negotiated and Hugh had to pay a high ransom for his son and give up ambitions over French territory.
In 1187, Hugh transferred the capital of Burgundy to Dijon, and endeavored to turn the city into a major commercial center. Hugh then turned his energies to the Holy Land, embarking in the Third Crusade in the retinue of Philip II. When Philip returned to France, he left Hugh in charge of the French troops. Hugh played a major role in the victory of the battle of Arsuf (September 7, 1191) and at the siege of Acre, where he died August 1192.
He was married twice:
First, in 1165, to Alice of Lorraine (1145-1200), daughter of Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine; he repudiated her in 1183. By his first marriage, he produced:
1. Odo III (1166-1218), his successor in the Duchy
2. Alexander (1170-1205), Lord of Montagu, founder of the line of Seigneurs of Montagu
3. Douce (1175-c.1219), married in 1196 Simon of Semur (d.1219), Lord of Luzy
4. Alix (b.1177), married Béraud VII, Lord of Merc?ur
Second, in 1183, to Béatrice of Albon (1161-1228), Countess of Albon and Dauphine of Viennois, daughter of Guigues, Count of Albon and Dauphin of Viennois. By his second marriage, he produced:
5. Guy VI (1184-1237), Dauphin of Viennois
6. Mahaut (1190-1242), married in 1214 John I, Count of Châlon and Auxonne (1190-1267)
7. Marguerite (1192-1243), married in 1222 Amadeus IV (1197-1253), Count of Savoy
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_le_Despencer,_1st_Baron_le_Despencer
By his wife, Aline Bassett, he was father of Hugh the elder Despenser. She was the daughter of Philip Basset, who had also served as Justiciar. They also had a daughter named Eleanor, who married Hugh de Courtenay, feudal baron of Okehampton. | Bassett, Aline (I36261)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_le_Despencer,_1st_Baron_le_Despencer
The son of He was the son of Hugh le Despenser I, he was an important ally of Simon de Montfort during the reign of Henry III. He served briefly as Justiciar of England in 1260 and as Constable of the Tower of London.
Hugh Le Despenser, chief justiciar of England, first played an important part in 1258, when he was prominent on the baronial side in the Mad Parliament of Oxford. In 1260 the barons chose him to succeed Hugh Bigod as Justiciar, and in 1263 the king was further compelled to put the Tower of London in his hands.
He was summoned to Parliament by Simon de Montfort. Hugh was summoned as Lord Despencer Dec. 14, 1264 and was Chief Justiciar of England and a leader of the baronial party. He remained allied with Montfort to the end, and was present at the Battle of Lewes. He was killed fighting on de Montfort's side at the Battle of Evesham in August, 1265. He was slain by Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Wigmore; this caused a feud to begin between the Despencer and the Mortimer families.
By his wife, Aline Bassett, he was father of Hugh the elder Despenser. She was the daughter of Philip Basset, who had also served as Justiciar. They also had a daughter named Eleanor, who married Hugh de Courtenay, feudal baron of Okehampton. | le Despenser, Hugh 1st Baron le Despencer (I36260)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_le_Despenser,_1st_Earl_of_Winchester
Sometimes referred to as "the Elder Despenser", he was for a time the chief adviser to King Edward II of England.
He was the son of Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (or Despenser), and Aline Basset, only daughter and heiress of Philip Basset. His father was killed at the Battle of Evesham when Hugh was just a boy, but Hugh's inheritance was saved through the influence of his maternal grandfather (who had been loyal to the king). He married Isabella de Beauchamp, daughter of William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick and Maud FitzJohn.
He served Edward I on numerous occasions in battle and in diplomacy and was created a baron by writ of summons to Parliament in 1295. His son, Hugh Despenser the Younger, became a favorite of Edward II, in what is believed to be a homosexual relationship. Hugh the Elder was loyal to his son and the King, which worried the barons. To that time, his highest office was justice of the forests.
He was one of the few barons to remain loyal to Edward during the controversy regarding Piers Gaveston. Despenser became Edward's loyal servant and chief administrator after Gaveston was executed in 1312, but the jealousy of other barons - and, more importantly, his own corruption and unjust behavior - led to his being exiled along with his son Hugh Despenser the younger in 1321.
Edward found it difficult to manage without them, and recalled them to England a year later, an action which enraged the queen, Isabella, the more so when Despenser was created Earl of Winchester in 1322. Although not as bad as his son, Despencer the Elder was accused by a significant number of people of widespread criminality during the next few years, often involving false accusations of trespass or theft and the extortion of money or land.
When Isabella, Queen of England, and her lover, Roger Mortimer, led a rebellion against her husband Edward, they captured both Despensers?first the elder, later the younger. Queen Isabella interceded for Hugh the elder, but his enemies, notably Roger Mortimer and Henry, Earl of Lancaster, insisted both father and son should face trial and execution.
The elder Despenser was hanged immediately in his armour at Bristol on 27 October 1326. He was then beheaded and his body cut into pieces for the dogs. His head was sent for display to Winchester, which had supported the king.
Pardons were issued to thousands of people who had been falsely accused by Despencer following his death.
| le Despenser, Hugh 1st Earl of Winchester (I36204)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_le_Despenser_I
He was a wealthy landowner in the East Midlands of England, with eleven manors in England: in Leicestershire, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and Rutland. Hugh served as High Sheriff of Berkshire. Among his descendants were the infamous Despensers who became favorites of Edward II. | le Despenser, Sir Hugh High Sheriff of Berkshire (I36262)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbert_III,_Count_of_Savoy
Umberto III (1136, Avigliana, Piedmont-4 March 1188, Chambéry, Savoy), surnamed the Blessed, was Count of Savoy from 1148 to 1188. His parents were Amadeus III of Savoy and Mathilde d'Albon the daughter of Guigues III of Albon. He ceded rights and benefits to monasteries and played a decisive role in the organization of Hautecombe Abbey. It is said that he would rather have been monk than a sovereign. On the death of his third wife he retired to Hautecombe, but then changed his mind and, by his fourth wife finally had son, Thomas.
He is an important figure in medieval society, as attested in the history of House of Savoy. His life was characterized by certain key features, including mysticism, borne of a vocation and tradition of the contemplative life, which came about in the events of his time as warrior and politician, which he undertook exclusively for dynastic reasons.
He inherited from his father, as well as from his grandfather, Umberto II, the dream of reconstituting the fragmented Kingdom of Burgundy, in stark opposition to the centralizing policy of the French royal family. In his efforts he was supported by Frederick I Barbarossa, and found himself induced to play a shrewd political subjugation of neighboring feudal lords or settled among his domains. Like his father, Umberto II, who died young when he was still a minor, Amadeus III entrusted the education of his son, Umberto III to St. Amedeus of Lausanne, former abbot of Hautecombe, and under his guidance the young Umberto made great progress in studies and spiritual formation, despising the apparent splendor of worldly things, and giving himself to prayer, meditation and penance. He always left the abbey with regret, every time the family and the Savoyard nobility called him back for occupy himself with political matters.
His father, Amadeus III, was a pilgrim in the Holy Land in 1122. In 1146 he participated in the Second Crusade, and died on the island of Cyprus in Nicosia on 1 April 1148, where he was buried, leaving the twelve-year old Umberto as heir. Although still at an early age, in 1151 Umberto was bethrothed to Faidiva, daughter of Alphonse Jourdain, Count of Toulouse. She would soon die without children. He later married Gertrude, daughter of Thierry, Count of Flanders and Sibylla of Anjou. This second marriage was annulled by reason of infertility.
In 1164, Umberto married Clementia of Zähringen, by whom he had two daughters: Alice and Sofia. She died in 1173, and he decided to retire to Hautecombe, but not for long. In 1177, the nobility in 1177 convinced him marry for the fourth time. As wife, he took Beatrice of Mâcon, daughter Géraud I of Mâcon and Maurette de Salins. At last he had a male heir, Thomas, to continue the dynasty. Beatrice also bore him a daughter who died at the age of seven.
Umberto's reign was long. It lasted forty years, and was characterized by struggles with the Holy Roman Emperor, various lords and count-bishops. This led to a gradual reduction of the possessions and authority of Umberto III on the Italian side, leaving him with the territories of the valleys of Susa and Aosta. In 1187, he was banished from the Holy Roman Empire by Henry VI, for supporting the emperor's opponents.
The death of Umberto III, March 4, 1189 in Chambéry, at the age of fifty-two, was mourned sincerely by all the people. He was the first prince of Savoy to be buried in Hautecombe Abbey, which has since become a burial place for the dynasty. The last King of Italy, Umberto II, and his wife, Marie José of Belgium, are buried here.
The spirituality of Umberto undoubtedly blossomed in an environment of ancient Christian traditions, favored especially by the example of his father, a pilgrim and crusader in the Holy Land, and of his tutor, St. Amadeus, Bishop of Lausanne. However, Umberto's life was full of contradictions: He was a lover of peace, but had frequent hostilities and wars. He was penitent, ascetic, contemplative, but was forced to take the reins of government, during which time he had a life of action, and found himself forced in marriage in order to have an heir. However, he let unmistakable signs of great moral balance, severity with himself and indulgence and love of neighbor. He was a benefactor to churches, monasteries, and charitable causes, the care of the poor. Throughout his life, he supported Hautecombe Abbey. In 1188 he founded the Monastery of Sant'Antonio di Ranverso.
| of Savoy, Humberto III (the Blessed) Count of Savoy (I36268)
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Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_de_Tosny
Ida de Tosny, Countess of Norfolk was very likely a daughter of Ralph V de Tosny (died 1162) and his wife Margaret (born circa 1125 and living in 1185), a daughter of Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester.
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Beaumont,_2nd_Earl_of_Leicester
In 1121, royal favor brought Robert the great Norman honors with his marriage to Amice de Montfort, daughter of Raoul II de Montfort, himself a son of Ralph de Gael, Earl of East Anglia. Both families had lost their English inheritances through rebellion in 1075. They had four children:
1. Hawise de Beaumont, who married William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester and had descendants.
2. Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester who married Petronilla de Grandmesnil and had descendants.
3. Isabel, who married: Simon de St. Liz, Earl of Huntingdon and had descendants.
4. Margaret, who married Ralph V de Toeni and had descendants through their daughter, Ida de Tosny. | de Beaumont, Margaret (I36224)
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