Mary (Polly) BOWMAN

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• _UID: 51D04029439F4799A1AE4C2D040A5439AF77

Notes:

Buried at Bowman Farm Cemetery on her father's farm on the Holston River, Washington Co. VA below the big bridge on Logan's Road.  The cemetery was overgrown and lost for years, but appears to have been found in the 1980's.

Had a son who appears in the 1820 WASHINGTON CO. VA Census, probably died before 1830.

May 15, 1839...Chancery Execution Book A, Page 182, Moses Whitaker and wife and others VS Samuel Bowman and others over the estate of Mary's father Esaias Bowman. This cause came on the 15th day of May 1839 to be heard upon the bill, the answer of Uriah Bowman and the verdict of the jury rendered upon the issues to ascertain whether the paper in the bill mentioned is the last will and testament of Esaias Bowman, deceased, and was argued by counsel, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court that the specifications and conditional order has been returned executed on Samuel Bowman, Benjamin Bowman, Esaias Bowman and Aaron Bowman more than four months before the commencement of this term, and they still failing to appear and answer, the bill as to them is taken as confessed..and it also appearing to the satisfaction of the court, that the order of publication, awarded at the rules in the Clerk's office against the defendants, Absalom Bowman and George Washington Bowman, has been duly posted and published, and they still failing to appear and answer, the bill as to the, is taken for confessed..and Wm. S. Logan, Sheriff of Washington County, to whom the estate of Esaias Bowman, deceased, with the bill annexed, was committed to be administered having consented that this cause might be heard and determined at this term..it is therefore adjudged, ordered and decreed, that the paper in the bill mentioned purporting to be the last will and testament of Esaias Bowman, deceased, and which bears date on 24 Aug of 1837, and which was admitted to record in the county court of Washington County on 23 day of Oct 1837, is the true last will and testament of Esaias Bowman, deceased, and therefore, it is further ordered and decreed the plaintiffs ill be dismissed and that the defendants recover their costs by them about their defense in this behalf expended.


Buried:
Grave location:
http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Whiteaker&GSiman=1&GScnty=2893&GRid=105311837&

Mary married Moses X. WHITAKER. Moses (son of Richard WHITAKER and Rachel BENTLEY) was born 1791, Lincoln Co. NC; died 14 Sep 1875, Washington, Co. VA; was buried , Hayter Cemetery, Washington Co. VA. [Group Sheet]

1. Mary Ann WHITAKER was born Abt 1818, Washington Co. VA; died Bef 1870, Washington Co. VA.
2. WHITAKER was born Abt 1820.
3. William Sylvester WHITAKER was born 1821, Virginia; died 9 Mar 1882, Greene Co. IL.
4. Calvin Morgan WHITAKER was born Abt 1825, Washington Co. VA; died Bef 1910, Washington Co. VA.
5. Lydia Eva WHITAKER was born 24 Jun 1830, Washington, Co. VA; died 31 May 1901, Washington Co. VA; was buried , Hayter Cemetery, Washington Co. VA.
6. Moses X. WHITAKER, Jr. was born Abt 1831; died Bef 1875.
7. Absalom Rufus WHITAKER was born 20 May 1834, Virginia; died Aft Jun 1875.
8. Julina O. WHITAKER was born Abt 1836; died Bef 1875.
9. Eliza Adeline WHITAKER was born 20 Jul 1838; died May 1894.

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• _UID: 8267C9137DB24CF7AB14DE5C44F5B9F1137D

Notes:

DNA testing of his descendants confirm that Esias was a free man of color based on the sub-Saharan (African) markers.

Most African Americans free in Virginia and nearby states in the colonial period were descended from relationships between indentured servants or free persons, and African or African-American indentured servants, free or slave. This reflected the fluid nature of relationships among the working classes before slave rules were made strict.

Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Delaware and Maryland, 1999-2005, Baltimore, Maryland: Clearfield, 2005, found that 80 percent of the people listed as "other" or "free Negroes" and "free people of color" in North Carolina in censuses from 1790-1810 were descended from African Americans free in Virginia during the colonial period. In 1822 Virginia, a person was considered legally white with up to one-fourth African ancestry (equivalent to one grandparent) Anyone interested in the origins of free African Americans should study his work, some of which is freely available online.

http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/

Many free African Americans, along with European-American neighbors, migrated to frontier areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and then further west. Such families sometimes settled in insular groups and were the origin of some isolated settlements, which have long claimed or were said to be of Native American or Portuguese ancestry.

In the 18th, 19th and early 20th-centuries, some Americans of mixed European and African ancestry claimed Mediterranean, Arab or Native American heritage to explain skin color and features differing from northern Europeans.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, most free people went by appearance. If they looked white, were accepted by neighbors and fulfilled community obligations, they were absorbed into white or European-American society.

However, at the start of the 20th century in Virginia, Walter Ashby Plecker, the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics from 1912-1946, drafted and lobbied for the passage of the Racial Integrity Act of 1924. It institutionalized the one drop rule, meaning any person with "one drop of black blood" was considered black. It recognized only two races, "white" and "colored" (black). This did away with the existing law, which had classified persons as white who had one-sixteenth (equivalent to one great-great-grandparent) or less black ancestry.

Because Plecker believed there were few "real" Indians left, as they had intermarried over time with other ethnic groups, he thought "colored" people were attempting to pass as "Indian." He ordered state agencies to reclassify most citizens' claiming American Indian identity as "colored," although many groups of Virginia Indians had continued in their cultural identity, practices and communities.

Plecker's policies had a devastating effect on those with Native American or mixed race ancestry. If they couldn't "pass" for white then they were considered black. No diversity allowed until the 1960's.

REVOLUTIONARY WAR SERVICE

Esaias Bowman fought at the Battle of King's Mountain in the Revolutionary War. He was one of five men of color fought at the Battle of Kings Mountain. The others were Andrew Ferguson, Primes (no last name), Ismael Titus, and John Broddy.

COURT RECORDS

He was a slave-owner. On November 9, 1814, a court document states that he had seven slaves: "Seasor, Tiller, Hannah, William, Jerry, Ruth and Joseph". In 1826, he mortgaged Hannah to one David Campbell for $130.92.

Washington County, VA Slave Importations, Washington County, VA Will Book 4 Pg. 110 [Extracted & Transcribed by Billy Markland]

A Statement of Negroes brought into this State by Isaiah Bowman moveing [sic] from the State of Tennessee viz,

Seasor a Negro man about six feet high & about 30 years of age of a dark complexion, also Tiller his wife about five feet five inches high & about 25 years of age dark complexion, Also four children Hannah a girl Eight years of age of a dark complexion, Also William a boy about six years of age of a dark complexion, Also Jerry a boy about four years of age of a dark complexion, Also Ruth a girl of about two years of age dark complexion, And Joseph a Negro man about Eighteen years of age and of a dark complexion and about five feet six inches high.

[Esaias?] Bowman

Washington Co. Va. Court Minutes Vol 2, p. 214 Moses WHITACRE for benefit of Isaiah Bowman plt. vs. John RUNNELS. Money owed from Dec. 1819.

Washington Co. VA Estray Book 1, 1813-1860, p. 107: estray steer shewn to us by HIRAM FLEENOR; white steer with red speck;¦ $4 18 Dec 1832. /s/ ESAIAS BOWMAN

WILL AND PROBATE

In his will of August 24, 1837, he freed all of his slaves upon his death, which at that time included Teller ("age about 56"), Jerry ("about 27 next Sept 3"), Ruth ("age 34 next Mar 6"), and Agnes Dinah ("age 21 May next 27").

WASHINGTON CO. Va. Chancery Order Bk. A 1831-47
p. 32 May 1843 Moses Whitaker and wife and some others say living children of ESIAS BOWMAN, deceased divided estate without dividing for dead children?s decedents.

p. 182 Moses Whitaker and wife and others vs. Samuel BOWMAN and others. p. 182 Will to be filed as last will and test. of Esaias BOWMAN, dec.

Esias married Ann Cawood. [Group Sheet]

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• _UID: 0723F602DC2F488AA2051E044215FBE8022A

Notes:

Name:
Also spelled Keywood.